Can Racial Disparity in Health between Black and White Americans Be Attributed to Racial Disparities in Body Weight and Socioeconomic Status?

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Kahng
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Black And White

scholarly journals Racial demographics explain the link between racial disparities in traffic stops and county-level racial attitudes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierce D. Ekstrom ◽  
Joel Michel Le Forestier ◽  
Calvin K. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
County Level ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Traffic Stops ◽  
Arrest Rates ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Racial Demographics

Disparities in the treatment of Black and White Americans in police stops are pernicious and widespread. We examine racial disparities in police traffic stops by leveraging data on traffic stops from hundreds of U.S. counties from the Stanford Open Policing Project and corresponding county-level data on implicit and explicit racial attitudes from the Project Implicit research website. We find that Black-White traffic stop disparities are associated with county-level implicit and explicit racial attitudes and that this association is attributable to racial demographics: counties with a higher proportion of White residents had larger racial disparities in police traffic stops. We also examined racial disparities in several post-stop outcomes (e.g., arrest rates) and found that they were not systematically related to racial attitudes, despite evidence of disparities. These findings indicate that racial disparities in counties’ traffic stops are reliably linked to counties’ racial attitudes and demographic compositions.

scholarly journals Childhood socioeconomic status and inflammation: Psychological moderators among Black and White Americans.

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Morozink Boylan ◽  
Jenny M. Cundiff ◽  
Thomas E. Fuller-Rowell ◽  
Carol D. Ryff
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Childhood Socioeconomic Status

scholarly journals Association of Socioeconomic Status and Comorbidities with Racial Disparities during Kidney Transplant Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karly A. Murphy ◽  
John W. Jackson ◽  
Tanjala S. Purnell ◽  
Ashton A. Shaffer ◽  
Christine E. Haugen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
White Patients

Background and objectivesBlack patients referred for kidney transplantation have surpassed many obstacles but likely face continued racial disparities before transplant. The mechanisms that underlie these disparities are unclear. We determined the contributions of socioeconomic status (SES) and comorbidities as mediators to disparities in listing and transplant.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe studied a cohort (n=1452 black; n=1561 white) of patients with kidney failure who were referred for and started the transplant process (2009–2018). We estimated the direct and indirect effects of SES (self-reported income, education, and employment) and medical comorbidities (self-reported and chart-abstracted) as mediators of racial disparities in listing using Cox proportional hazards analysis with inverse odds ratio weighting. Among the 983 black and 1085 white candidates actively listed, we estimated the direct and indirect effects of SES and comorbidities as mediators of racial disparities on receipt of transplant using Poisson regression with inverse odds ratio weighting.ResultsWithin the first year, 876 (60%) black and 1028 (66%) white patients were waitlisted. The relative risk of listing for black compared with white patients was 0.76 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.69 to 0.83); after adjustment for SES and comorbidity, the relative risk was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.83 to 0.97). The proportion of the racial disparity in listing was explained by SES by 36% (95% CI, 26% to 57%), comorbidity by 44% (95% CI, 35% to 61%), and SES with comorbidity by 58% (95% CI, 44% to 85%). There were 409 (42%) black and 496 (45%) white listed candidates transplanted, with a median duration of follow-up of 3.9 (interquartile range, 1.2–7.1) and 2.8 (interquartile range, 0.8–6.3) years, respectively. The incidence rate ratio for black versus white candidates was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.96); SES and comorbidity did not explain the racial disparity.ConclusionsSES and comorbidity partially mediated racial disparities in listing but not for transplant.

Racism, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and Racial Disparity in the U.S. COVID-19 Syndemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Zhou ◽  
Viann N Nguyen-Feng ◽  
Rachel Wamser-Nanney ◽  
Annett Lotzin
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Stress Symptoms

The COVID-19 syndemic, with a disproportionately higher adverse impact on communities of color (i.e., COVID-19 infection and death), will likely exacerbate the existing health disparities in trauma-related symptoms between people of color (POC) and White Americans. However, no studies have examined the racial disparities in posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) during COVID-19. Grounded in ecological theory and racial trauma framework, we investigated rates of racial disparities in PTSS and three possible mechanisms, 1) COVID stress, 2) direct racism, and 3) indirect racism, for these discrepancies using a large U.S. national sample (N = 2,019). Results indicated that POC reported higher levels of PTSS than White Americans (d =.21). The PTSS racial disparity was accounted more by direct and indirect racism than by the COVID-19-specific stressors, after controlling for age, gender, education, income, parent status, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and intimate partner violence (IPV). Additional fine-grained analyses for Hispanic/Latinx Americans (n = 283), Black/African Americans (n = 279), and Asian American and Pacific Islanders (n = 123) by and large corroborated the above findings. Our findings highlighted the deleterious impact of the ongoing racism pandemic on the POC community as a public health crisis in addition to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Racial Disparities in Allergic Outcomes Persist to Age 10 Years in Black and White Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 146 (Supplement 4) ◽  
pp. S330.2-S331
Author(s):  
Timothy Chow ◽  
Jeffrey Chambliss
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White

THE LIVE WEIGHT GROWTH OF BULLS OF DIFFERENT BREEDS

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 115-119
Author(s):  
A. V. Dymchuk ◽  
O. I. Lyubynskyy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mathematical Statistics ◽  
High Quality ◽  
New Born ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Weight Growth

The studies of the dynamics results of body weight, absolute and daily average, relative increases averaging bulls of Ukrainian black-and-white and Ukrainian red-and-white dairy cattle. Researches are conducted in the conditions of POSP «Napadivske» Kalyinivka district of the Vinnytsya area after materials of primary pedigree account. In an economy use the whole-year of the same type feeding. In the structure of ration 40% make the concentrated sterns and also high-quality silage and soilage. Average daily increases of bulls for period of age to realization for a slaughter made over 1000 grammes. The dynamics of growth of living mass, absolute, average daily and relative increases of bulls, is analysed Ukrainian black-and-white and Ukrainian red-and-white dairy cattle. Living mass and weight gain researches of age to 12-monthly age with an interval in 3 months after the generally accepted methods. Materials of researches are worked out the methods of mathematical statistics with the use of programmatic package of Statistica 8.0. Living mass of bulls of the second group at birth made 36,3 kg, that anymore on 0,8 kg by comparison to new-born bulls of the first group. In all next periods living mass of animals of the second group was greater as compared to the animals of the same age of the first. In 3 months advantage made 1,7 kg, in 6 months – 4,6 kg (P>0,95), in 9 months – 8,8 kg (P>0,95), in 12 months – 12,5 kg (P>0,99). Difference of absolute increases of bulls of the second group above the bulls of the same age of the first of age to to 3-monthly age made 0,8 kg in behalf of animals of the second group. In a period 3-6 months a difference is after this index between the first and second groups made 2,9 kg in behalf of the last. In periods 6-9 and reliable advantage of animals of the second group is 9-12 months set above the bulls of the same age of the first on 4,1 kg (P>0,95) and 3,7 kg (P>0,95) accordingly. In a period of age to 18-monthly age absolute increases of bulls of the second group were greater by comparison to bulls first on 12,5 kg (R>0,99). Average daily increases of bulls of the second group of age to 3-monthly age made 763,0 grammes, that anymore on 8,9 grammes by comparison to bulls of the first group. In periods 3-6 months the average daily increases of animals of the second group prevailed the bulls of the same age of the first on 32,6 grammes. In a period 6-9 months the average daily increases of animals of the second group were made by 1045,9 grammes, that for certain anymore on 45,9 grammes (P>0,95) by comparison to the bulls of the same age of the first. Maximal increases of bulls were in a period 9-12 months and made 1210,4 grammes in the animals of the second group and 1168,9 grammes – for the bulls of the same age of the first, that for certain anymore on 41,5 grammes (P>0,95). In a period of age to 12-monthly age the average daily increases of bulls of the second group were made by 970,6 grammes, that was for certain anymore on 31,8 grammes (R>0,99) by comparison to the bulls of the same age of the first group. Relative increases of bulls of both groups were high. From birth to 3-monthly age greater increases had bulls of the first group – 97,8%, and in periods 3-6, 6-9 and 9-12 months greater were increases of bulls of the same age of the second group – 56,4; 40,1 and 32,4% accordingly. For all probed periods of reliable advantage it is not discovered between the compared groups. It is set researches, that at the identical terms of feeding and maintenance more rapid bulls grow Ukrainian red-and-white dairy cattle. In all age-old periods they prevailed the bulls of the same age of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy cattle, in a that number, beginning from 9-monthly age, advantage was reliable (P>0,95–0,99). Average daily increases of bulls of two breeds were the least in a period of age to to 3-monthly age – 754,1-763,0 grammes, and most in a period 9-12 months – 1168,9–1210,4 grammes.

Disparities in Health Between Black and White Americans: Current Knowledge and Directions for Future Research

2018 ◽  
pp. 456-478
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Fuller-Rowell ◽  
David S. Curtis ◽  
Adrienne M. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Conceptual frameworks for racial/ethnic health disparities are abundant, but many have received insufficient empirical attention. As a result, there are substantial gaps in scientific knowledge and a range of untested hypotheses. Particularly lacking is specificity in behavioral and biological mechanisms for such disparities and their underlying social determinants. Alongside lack of political will and public investment, insufficient clarity in mechanisms has stymied efforts to address racial health disparities. Capitalizing on emergent findings from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study and other longitudinal studies of aging, this chapter evaluates research on health disparities between black and white US adults. Attention is given to candidate behavioral and biological mechanisms as precursors to group differences in morbidity and mortality and to environmental and sociocultural factors that may underlie these mechanisms. Future research topics are discussed, emphasizing those that offer promise with respect to illuminating practical solutions to racial/ethnic health disparities.

When race trumps political ideology: Black teachers who advocate for social responsibility are penalized by both liberals and conservatives

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722199402
Author(s):  
Grace N. Rivera ◽  
Phia S. Salter ◽  
Matt Friedman ◽  
Jaren Crist ◽  
Rebecca J. Schlegel
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Black Teachers ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Teacher Race ◽  
Teaching Position

Meritocracy is a prominent narrative embedded in America’s educational system: work hard and anyone can achieve success. Yet, racial disparities in education suggest this narrative does not tell the full story. Four studies ( N = 1,439) examined how applicants for a teaching position are evaluated when they invoke different narratives regarding who or what is to blame for racial disparities (i.e., individuals vs. systems). We hypothesized these evaluations would differ depending on teacher race (Black/White) and evaluator political orientation. Results revealed conservatives evaluated Black and White applicants advocating for personal responsibility more favorably than applicants advocating for social responsibility. Liberals preferred social responsibility applicants, but only when they were White. They were more ambivalent in their evaluations and hiring decisions if the applicants were Black. Our findings suggest that Black applicants advocating for social change are penalized by both liberal and conservative evaluators.

scholarly journals Race and Networks in the Job Search Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 983-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Pedulla ◽  
Devah Pager
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Search Process ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Job Offers

Racial disparities persist throughout the employment process, with African Americans experiencing significant barriers compared to whites. This article advances the understanding of racial labor market stratification by bringing new theoretical insights and original data to bear on the ways social networks shape racial disparities in employment opportunities. We develop and articulate two pathways through which networks may perpetuate racial inequality in the labor market: network access and network returns. In the first case, African American job seekers may receive fewer job leads through their social networks than white job seekers, limiting their access to employment opportunities. In the second case, black and white job seekers may utilize their social networks at similar rates, but their networks may differ in effectiveness. Our data, with detailed information about both job applications and job offers, provide the unique ability to adjudicate between these processes. We find evidence that black and white job seekers utilize their networks at similar rates, but network-based methods are less likely to lead to job offers for African Americans. We then theoretically develop and empirically test two mechanisms that may explain these differential returns: network placement and network mobilization. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for scholarship on racial stratification and social networks in the job search process.

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