scholarly journals Asymptomatic Natural Human Infections With the Simian Malaria Parasites Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium knowlesi

2018 ◽  
Vol 219 (5) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mallika Imwong ◽  
Wanassanan Madmanee ◽  
Kanokon Suwannasin ◽  
Chanon Kunasol ◽  
Thomas J Peto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Simian Malaria ◽  
Plasmodium Cynomolgi ◽  
Human Infections

scholarly journals Natural Human Infections with Plasmodium cynomolgi, P. inui, and 4 other Simian Malaria Parasites, Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 2187-2191
Author(s):  
Nan Jiun Yap ◽  
Hanisah Hossain ◽  
Thamayanthi Nada-Raja ◽  
Romano Ngui ◽  
Azdayanti Muslim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Simian Malaria ◽  
Plasmodium Cynomolgi ◽  
Human Infections

scholarly journals Functional genomics of simian malaria parasites and host–parasite interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 270-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary R Galinski
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
Simian Malaria ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractTwo simian malaria parasite species, Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi, cause zoonotic infections in Southeast Asia, and they have therefore gained recognition among scientists and public health officials. Notwithstanding, these species and others including Plasmodium coatneyi have served for decades as sources of knowledge on the biology, genetics and evolution of Plasmodium, and the diverse ramifications and outcomes of malaria in their monkey hosts. Experimental analysis of these species can help to fill gaps in knowledge beyond what may be possible studying the human malaria parasites or rodent parasite species. The genome sequences for these simian malaria parasite species were reported during the last decade, and functional genomics research has since been pursued. Here research on the functional genomics analysis involving these species is summarized and their importance is stressed, particularly for understanding host–parasite interactions, and potentially testing novel interventions. Importantly, while Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax can be studied in small New World monkeys, the simian malaria parasites can be studied more effectively in the larger Old World monkey macaque hosts, which are more closely related to humans. In addition to ex vivo analyses, experimental scenarios can include passage through Anopheline mosquito hosts and longitudinal infections in monkeys to study acute and chronic infections, as well as relapses, all in the context of the in vivo host environment. Such experiments provide opportunities for understanding functional genomic elements that govern host–parasite interactions, immunity and pathogenesis in-depth, addressing hypotheses not possible from in vitro cultures or cross-sectional clinical studies with humans.

scholarly journals Prevalence of simian malaria parasites in macaques of Singapore

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. e0009110
Author(s):  
Meizhi Irene Li ◽  
Diyar Mailepessov ◽  
Indra Vythilingam ◽  
Vernon Lee ◽  
Patrick Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Simian Malaria ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Species Specific

Plasmodium knowlesi is a simian malaria parasite currently recognized as the fifth causative agent of human malaria. Recently, naturally acquired P. cynomolgi infection in humans was also detected in Southeast Asia. The main reservoir of both parasites is the long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques, which are indigenous in this region. Due to increased urbanization and changes in land use, there has been greater proximity and interaction between the long-tailed macaques and the general population in Singapore. As such, this study aims to determine the prevalence of simian malaria parasites in local macaques to assess the risk of zoonosis to the general human population. Screening for the presence of malaria parasites was conducted on blood samples from 660 peridomestic macaques collected between Jan 2008 and Mar 2017, and 379 wild macaques collected between Mar 2009 and Mar 2017, using a Pan-Plasmodium-genus specific PCR. Positive samples were then screened using a simian Plasmodium species-specific nested PCR assay to identify the species of parasites (P. knowlesi, P. coatneyi, P. fieldi, P. cynomolgi, and P. inui) present. All the peridomestic macaques sampled were tested negative for malaria, while 80.5% of the 379 wild macaques were infected. All five simian Plasmodium species were detected; P. cynomolgi being the most prevalent (71.5%), followed by P. knowlesi (47.5%), P. inui (42.0%), P. fieldi (32.5%), and P. coatneyi (28.5%). Co-infection with multiple species of Plasmodium parasites was also observed. The study revealed that Singapore’s wild long-tailed macaques are natural hosts of the five simian malaria parasite species, while no malaria was detected in all peridomestic macaques tested. Therefore, the risk of simian malaria transmission to the general human population is concluded to be low. However, this can be better demonstrated with the incrimination of the vectors of simian malaria parasites in Singapore.

Clinical features and management of Plasmodium knowlesi infections in humans

Parasitology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
CYRUS DANESHVAR ◽  
TIMOTHY WILLIAM ◽  
TIMOTHY M. E. DAVIS
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Simian Malaria ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Malaysian Borneo

SUMMARYPlasmodium knowlesi is a simian malaria of primarily the macaque species of South East Asia. While it was known that human infections could be induced during the years of malariotherapy, naturally occurring P. knowlesi human infections were thought to be rare. However, in 2004, knowlesi infections became recognized as an important infection amongst human populations in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Since then, it has become recognized as a disease affecting people living and visiting endemic areas across South East Asia. Over the last 12 years, clinical studies have improved our understanding of this potentially fatal disease. In this review article the current literature is reviewed to give a comprehensive description of the disease and treatment.

scholarly journals Plasmodium knowlesi infecting humans in Southeast Asia: What’s next?

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. e0008900
Author(s):  
Nantha Kumar Jeyaprakasam ◽  
Jonathan Wee Kent Liew ◽  
Van Lun Low ◽  
Wan-Yusoff Wan-Sulaiman ◽  
Indra Vythilingam
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Simian Malaria ◽  
Plasmodium Cynomolgi ◽  
Plasmodium Inui ◽  
Malaysian Borneo

Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite, has been in the limelight since a large focus of human P. knowlesi infection was reported from Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) in 2004. Although this infection is transmitted across Southeast Asia, the largest number of cases has been reported from Malaysia. The increasing number of knowlesi malaria cases has been attributed to the use of molecular tools for detection, but environmental changes including deforestation likely play a major role by increasing human exposure to vector mosquitoes, which coexist with the macaque host. In addition, with the reduction in human malaria transmission in Southeast Asia, it is possible that human populations are at a greater risk of P. knowlesi infection due to diminishing cross-species immunity. Furthermore, the possibility of increasing exposure of humans to other simian Plasmodium parasites such as Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium inui should not be ignored. We here review the current status of these parasites in humans, macaques, and mosquitoes to support necessary reorientation of malaria control and elimination in the affected areas.

scholarly journals Zoonotic Transmission and Host Switches of Malaria Parasites

Zoonoses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin-zhuan Su ◽  
Jian Wu
Keyword(s):  
Avian Malaria ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Plasmodium Malariae ◽  
Zoonotic Transmission ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Zoonotic Malaria ◽  
Plasmodium Cynomolgi ◽  
Review Current ◽  
Avian Malaria Parasites

Malaria is a deadly disease that affects the health of hundreds of millions of people annually. Five Plasmodium parasite species naturally infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium knowlesi. These parasites can also infect various non-human primates. Parasites mainly infecting monkeys, such as Plasmodium cynomolgi and P. knowlesi, the latter of which was considered to be a monkey parasite for years, can also be transmitted to human hosts. Recently, many new Plasmodium species have been discovered in African apes, some of which may be transmitted to humans in the future. Here, we searched PubMed and the internet via Google and selected articles on the zoonotic transmission and evolution of selected malaria parasite species. We review current advances in the relevant topics, emphasizing the transmission of malaria parasites between humans and non-human primates. We also briefly discuss the transmission of some avian malaria parasites between wild birds and domestic fowls. Zoonotic malaria transmission is widespread, thus posing a threat to public health. More studies on parasite species, including their identification in non-human primates, transmission, and evolution, are needed to decrease or prevent the transmission of malaria parasites from non-human primates to humans.

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