Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticide Residues in Foodstuffs: Comparison of Methods

Abstract The AOAC, de Faubert Maunder et al., and Wood methods have been examined for determining BHC, aldrin, heptachlor, DDT, and their major metabolites in milk, butter, cheese, and eggs. Also, the AOAC and the Laboratory of the Government Chemist (UK) methods have been investigated for these pesticides in apples, and both of the latter methods, together with a current EEC method, have been evaluated for measuring the pesticides in potatoes, carrots, and cabbages. Recoveries for these methods were determined by using samples with both added and incurred pesticide residues. There were no gross discrepancies in the results obtained by the different methods, although for certain foodstuffs and in certain situations some methods appeared preferable to others.

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Is bribing a good strategy? Imbalanced interdependence and hazard of opportunism in bribery

Journal of Strategy and Management ◽

10.1108/jsma-11-2020-0330 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Ho Wook Shin ◽

Jinsil Kim ◽

Seung-hyun Lee

Keyword(s):

Instrumental Variable ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Resource Dependence ◽

Business Environment ◽

Government Officials ◽

Content Type ◽

Relational Contract ◽

Current Resource ◽

The Government ◽

A Current

PurposeIn fragile institutional environments, firms often have no choice but bribery as the means to access the services monopolized by the government. Corrupt government officials whose resources are valuable to many different firms can easily find other firms willing to offer bribes. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether and how this imbalanced interdependence exposes the bribing firm to the hazard of opportunism from the bribed officials.Design/methodology/approachThis study draws on World Business Environment Survey (WBES) data and the instrumental variable (IV) Probit estimator with Heckman correction for the potential selection bias.FindingsThe authors find that the more firms depend on bribery to acquire governmental resources, the severer the level of opportunism they encounter from the government officials. In addition, the authors find that although the presence of a legal alternative to bribery reduces the level of a corrupt government official's opportunism that a bribing firm experiences, the more firms depend on bribery despite the presence of a legal alternative, the higher the level of the corrupt official's opportunism that the firm will experience. Finally, the authors find that establishing a relational contract with government officials reduces the hazard of opportunism.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the resource dependence literature by finding that a greater imbalance in the interdependence between two parties in bribery exposes the more dependent party to a larger hazard of opportunism. The finding that an ineffective alternative to a current resource provider would not strengthen but weaken a resource seeker's bargaining power expands the literature. The authors also contribute to the corruption research by showing the significant strategic, not legal, risk to bribing firms of engaging in bribery, which to date has not been sufficiently discussed.

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Promoting Organic Production & Consumption: A Case of Punjab, Pakistan

Journal of Arable Crops and Marketing ◽

10.33687/jacm.002.02.3194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 63-70

Author(s):

Manan Aslam ◽

Muhammad Wasim Akhtar

Keyword(s):

Willingness To Pay ◽

Pesticide Residues ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽

Organic Production ◽

Market Potential ◽

Joint Involvement ◽

Organic Vegetables ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

The study seeks to investigate the impact of major determinants influencing marketing potential and consumer’s willingness to pay for organic vegetables in Punjab, Pakistan. In this regard, two districts (Lahore and Toba Tek Singh) were selected purposively. Information was collected for the main organic vegetables. Convenient sampling technique was used to collect data because limited numbers of respondents were available. A sample size of 50 organic farmers (25 from each district) and 50 consumers (25 from each district) was selected. Multivariate regression analysis was employed to identify and evaluate the effects of marketing potential (farmers) and the consumer’s willingness to pay for organic vegetables in the study area. According to selected organic vegetable growers’ potential existed for the organic vegetables farming in the country and major variables influencing significantly the market potential for organic vegetables as income, price, no pesticide residues whereas hygienic food and more nutrients in the organic vegetables affecting insignificantly the market potential for organic vegetables in the study area. The relationship between the dependent variable (demand for organic vegetables) and independent variables (income, hygienic food, price, pesticide residues and more nutrients in the organic vegetables) was estimated by using a regression model. On the other hand, a consumer survey was conducted in order to delineate the effect of consumer’s willingness to pay for organic vegetables in the selected area. The findings of the research depicted that no synthetic pesticide residues, appearance and prices of organic vegetables influencing significantly the consumer’s willingness to pay for organic vegetables whereas quality, long shelf life and taste affecting insignificantly the consumer’s willingness to pay for organic vegetables in the study area. The price of the organic vegetables should be low that’s why every consumer will purchase organic vegetables instead of conventional vegetables. It should be assured by the government that there are no pesticide residues in the organic vegetables. The farming community may be motivated to produce quality seeds of organic vegetables. A pilot farming program should be initiated with joint involvement of public and private sectors.

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Efficacy of Silver Dihydrogen Citrate and Steam Vapor against a Human Norovirus Surrogate, Feline Calicivirus, in Suspension, on Glass, and on Carpet

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00233-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 84 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

David Buckley ◽

Muthu Dharmasena ◽

Angela Fraser ◽

Charles Pettigrew ◽

Jeffery Anderson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Field Studies ◽

Feline Calicivirus ◽

Human Norovirus ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Hard Surface ◽

Color Changes ◽

The Government ◽

And Control ◽

A Current

ABSTRACTCarpets and other soft surfaces have been associated with prolonged and reoccurring human norovirus (HuNoV) outbreaks. Environmental hygiene programs are important to prevent and control HuNoV outbreaks. Despite our knowledge of HuNoV transmission via soft surfaces, no commercially available disinfectants have been evaluated on carpets. Our aim was to adapt a current standardized method for virucidal testing by assessing two disinfection technologies, silver dihydrogen citrate (SDC) and steam vapor, against one HuNoV surrogate, feline calicivirus (FCV), on wool and nylon carpets. First, we evaluated the effect of both technologies on the appearance of carpet. Next, we evaluated the efficacy of SDC in suspension and the efficacy of SDC and steam vapor against FCV on a glass surface, each with and without serum. Lastly, we tested both technologies on two types of carpet, wool and nylon. Both carpets exhibited no obvious color changes; however, SDC treatments left a residue while steam vapor left minor abrasions to fibers. SDC in suspension and on glass reduced FCV by 4.65 log10and >4.66 log10PFU, respectively, but demonstrated reduced efficacy in the presence of serum. However, SDC was only efficacious against FCV on nylon (3.62-log10PFU reduction) and not wool (1.82-log10PFU reduction). Steam vapor reduced FCV by >4.93 log10PFU on glass in 10 s and >3.68 log10PFU on wool and nylon carpet carriers in 90 s. There was a limited reduction of FCV RNA under both treatments compared to that of infectivity assays, but RNA reductions were higher in samples that contained serum.IMPORTANCEHuman noroviruses (HuNoV) account for ca. 20% of all diarrheal cases worldwide. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea and vomit, with both known to contribute to transmission. The prevention and control of HuNoV are difficult because they are environmentally resilient and resistant to many disinfectants. Several field studies have linked both hard and soft surfaces to HuNoV outbreaks. However, many disinfectants efficacious against HuNoV surrogates are recommended for hard surfaces, but no commercially available products have demonstrated efficacy against these surrogates on soft surfaces. Our research objectives were to evaluate liquid and steam-based technologies in suspension and on hard surface carriers in addition to adapting and testing a protocol for assessing the virucidal effects of disinfection technologies on carpet carriers. These results will inform both the government and industry regarding a standard method for evaluating the virucidal effects of disinfectants on carpet while demonstrating their efficacy relative to suspension and hard-surface tests.

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One-Step Chromatographic Cleanup of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticide Residues in Butterfat. II. Chromatography on Florisil

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/46.2.172 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 172-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

William A Moats

Keyword(s):

Petroleum Ether ◽

Paper Chromatography ◽

Pesticide Residues ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Methylene Chloride ◽

Screening Procedure ◽

Total Chloride ◽

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon ◽

Insecticide Residues ◽

One Step

Abstract The procedure for chromatography on Florisil was modified by using methylene chloride-petroleum ether mixtures to improve separation of insecticides from fat. Combined with paper chromatography, it provides a screening procedure for insecticide residues in dairy products that is comparable in speed and simplicity to total chloride methods but is of superior sensitivity.

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