Comparison of Ether and Chloroform for Soxhlet Extraction of Freeze-Dried Animal Tissues

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1228-1231
Author(s):  
Nigel L Firth ◽  
Deborah A Ross ◽  
Michael L Thonney
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Antifoaming Agent ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Freeze Dried

Abstract Chloroform was a satisfactory replacement for ether in solvent extraction for lipid determination in freeze-dried animal tissues, although values obtained were not identical. Fat content of tissues used in this study ranged from less than 10 to more than 95%. Chloroform has the great advantage of being fireproof, but proper fume hoods should be used. An antifoaming agent should be added to chloroform, both in the Soxhlet apparatus and when it is redistilled.

scholarly journals Analysis of Bread Lipids for 3-MCPD Esters

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (Special Issue 1) ◽  
pp. S417-S420 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Doležal ◽  
J. Kertisová ◽  
Z. Zelinková ◽  
J. Velíšek
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Spectrometry Method ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Method ◽  
Rye Flour ◽  
Mcpd Esters

Objective of this work was determination of processing contaminant known as 3-MCPD (3-chloropropane-1,2-diol) in its free and bound form in breads with defined parameters of processing. Selected and analysed were 24 samples, which represented two sets of breads produced in bakeries equipped with a continual line. In all cases determinations were carried out for breadcrumb and crust separately. The first set of samples were wheat-rye breads produced chronologically in ten days in the bakery Michelská pekárna, slightly different in temperatures and times of baking. The second set contained 14 samples of wheat-rye breads with a content of rye flour less than 40% differing in the yeast type and acidity. These breads were produced in the bakery Kontinua. The fat content was determined in all samples by Soxhlet extraction. Free and bound 3-MCPD was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. Concentration of free 3-MCPD in samples was at interval < 9–54.5 &mu;g/kg. Concentration of bound 3-MCPD was at interval 1.56–23.60 mg/kg of fat (i.e. 5.7–84.9 &mu;g/kg of sample).

Estimation of Afiatoxin M in Milk

1967 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
I F H Purchase ◽  
M Steyn
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Soxhlet Extractor ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Mechanical Shaker

Abstract The ability of various solvents, using a Soxhlet extractor and a mechanical shaker, to extract anatoxin M from freeze-dried milk powder was compared. Extraction is most efficient when the sample is extracted with an azcotropic mixture of acetone-chlo-roform-water in a Soxhlet apparatus.

Development of a routine analytical procedure for nonylphenol polyethyoxylates and their biodegradation products in sludge from sewage treatment plants

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tateda ◽  
N.V. Hung ◽  
H. Kaku ◽  
M. Asano ◽  
M. Ike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Freeze Dried

A method of quantitative analysis of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEOs) and their biodegration products (NPE-BDPs) in sewage sludge, which is effective, economical, and applicable to a high performance liquid chromatography was developed and actual sludge samples collected from Japanese sewage treatment plants (STPs) were analyzed using the method to confirm its effectiveness. Soxhlet extraction showed better recovery in a spike and recovery test than shaking extraction. Among the four pretreatments for Soxhlet extraction tested, the condition in which samples were freeze-dried, ultrasonicated, and extracted with methanol showed the best recovery efficiency. Quantitative analysis of NPE-BDPs in STP sludge resulted in 6.1 μg/g, 4.3 μg/g, and 8. μg/g in average concentration for NPnEOs (n=1-3), NPnEOs (n=4-18), and nonylphenol ethoxycarboxylates (NPnECs (n=1-3)), respectively, and the values of concentration were 100-1000 times higher than those in effluent at Japan's STPs. The results implied importance of quantitation of NPE-BDPs in sewage sludge to assess the risk to the environment.

Comparison of solvent extraction efficiencies for toxic organic compounds on flyash

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2629-2633 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Clement ◽  
A. C. Viau ◽  
F. W. Karasek
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Hazardous Compounds ◽  
Toxic Organic Compounds

The extraction efficiencies of various solvents for toxic organic compounds on municipal incinerator flyash were examined. Soxhlet extraction by the solvent was followed by benzene Soxhlet extraction for determination of the non-extracted material. Benzene was found to be the best solvent when considering purity and extraction of hazardous compounds.

Comparison of Different Methods for Extraction from Lavender: Yield and Chemical Composition

2016 ◽  
Vol 688 ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Jablonský ◽  
Helena Ramajová ◽  
Aleš Ház ◽  
Alexandra Sládková ◽  
Andrea Škulcová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Protic Solvent ◽  
Caryophyllene Oxide ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Linalool Oxide ◽  
Isolation Methods ◽  
Main Components

A comparative study of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with two conventional volatile isolation methods including traditional steam distillation and Soxhlet extraction was performed on lavender. ASE was carried out by butanol (polar protic solvent) or dichloromethane (nonpolar solvent) and the temperature was 120°C. Separation and identification of the components was carried out by GC/MS. The main components of the analysed samples were Linalool (14.79%), α-Terpineol (4.42%), Linalool oxide (furanoid) (2.92%), cis-linalyl oxide (2.8%), α-Bisabolol (1.86%) and Octacosane (1.56%) for steam distillation; for ASE (dichlormethane): β-Terpineol (2.06%), Linalyl anthranilate (1.82%), Largeracetal (1.82%), Eucalyptol (1.74%), Linalool (1.73%), Coumarine (1.28%) and Caryophylene oxide (1.08%); for ASE (butanol): Lageracetal (8.29%), Octacosane (1.75%), Eucalyptol (1.05%) and Caryophyllene oxide (1.02%) and for Soxhlet (butanol): Largeracetal (11.42%), Linalool (3.36%), Coumarine (0.83%) and Eucalyptol (0.74%). The study has shown that ASE is a fast and environmentally sustainable technique, using butanol and dichloromethane as solvent for the extraction of extractive compounds from lavender.

scholarly journals Application of Direct Solvent Extraction to the LC Quantification of Vitamin E in Peanuts, Peanut Butter, and Selected Nuts

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lee ◽  
W. O. Landen ◽  
R. D. Phillips ◽  
R. R. Eitenmiller
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Normal Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Solvent Extraction ◽  
Peak Purity

Abstract Direct solvent extraction with hexane:ethyl acetate (90:10, v/v), saponification, and Soxhlet extraction with hexane were evaluated for their usefulness as extraction methods to determine vitamin E in peanuts and peanut butters. The direct solvent extraction procedure yielded higher values for each tocopherol homolog in peanut and peanut butter compared to the other methods. Coupling of the rapid, direct solvent extraction with normal phase chromatography on Si 60 provides a highly reproducible procedure to quantitate vitamin E in peanuts and peanut products. The overall % recoveries (means ± S.D.) of this study for α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol were 99.9 ± 3.29, 100.4 ± 11.7, 98.9 ± 5.94, and 100.3 ± 4.87, respectively. Limits of detection and limits of quantitation were 0.21, 0.06, 0.11, and 0.08 ng and 0.39, 0.14, 0.23, and 0.13 ng, respectively, for α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol. Repeatability, reproducibility, and accuracy of the methods were excellent with % CVs for accuracy of 1.19 (α-T), 1.55 (γ-T), and 2.69 (δ-T). Accuracy was not acceptable for β-T due to its extremely low concentration in the peanut and because peak purity was not obtained for β-T. The method was applied to other seeds with good success. Major homologs were γ-T in peanuts, pecans, cashews, walnuts, and pistachio; α-T in almonds; and α-T3 in macadamia.

scholarly journals Pemisahan Bahan Aktif dalam Buah Sosis (Kigelia africana) dengan Metode Ekstraksi Padat-Cair (Leaching)

FLUIDA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fauzan ◽  
Mukhtar Ghozali ◽  
Tri Reksa Saputra ◽  
Heni Khautsar Muchtari ◽  
Maria Rosa Mistika Mopa
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Qualitative Test

ABSTRAK   Industri kosmetik dan farmasi merupakan contoh industri yang saat ini banyak menggunakan bahan alami sebagai bahan baku dalam pembuatan produknya. Salah satu tanaman herbal adalah buah sosis. Buah sosis mengandung senyawa-senyawa aktif penting bagi manusia, yaitu flavonoid, iridoid, naphthoquinone, dan coumarin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan jenis pelarut, rasio pelarut/bahan baku, waktu operasi, dan persen yield terbaik dalam proses ekstraksi buah sosis dengan metode ekstraksi soxhlet pada variasi jenis pelarut (etanol 96% dan metanol), rasio volume pelarut/berat bahan baku (8:1, 10:1, 12:1), dan waktu operasi (1,2, dan 3 jam). Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh, ekstrak terbaik yaitu ekstrak yang menggunakan pelarut metanol, waktu ekstraksi selama 3 jam, dan rasio pelarut/bahan baku yaitu 10:1, dengan perolehan yield sebesar 33,12%. Hasil uji kualitatif menunjukkan bahwa pada ekstrak tersebut mengandung empat senyawa yang diinginkan. Sementara hasil uji kuantitatif menunjukkan bahwa pada ekstrak metanol buah sosis tersebut terkandung flavonoid sebanyak 5168 ppm.   Kata kunci: Buah sosis, ektraksi, flavonoid, iridoid, naphthoquinone   ABSTRACT   Cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry are two examples of some industries that currently uses a lot of chemical substances as the raw materials to produce their products. But there has been some research about natural substances to replace chemical substances as the raw materials. One of the natural substances is sausage fruit. Sausage fruit contains important bio active compounds for human life such as flavonoids, iridoids, naphthoquinones, and coumarins. In this research, the extraction of bioactive compounds from sausage fruit with soxhlet extraction process has been studied. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the best type of solvent, solvent to solid ratio, and operating time with varying: type of solvent (methanol and ethanol), volume solvent to weight solid ratio (8:1, 10:1, 12:1), and operating time (1-3 hours). The experiment found that the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: methanol as the solvent, extraction time 3 hours, and the solvent-solid ratio of 10:1 with a yield of 33,12%. The result of a qualitative test of the extract shows that the extract contains flavonoids, iridoids, naphthoquinones, and coumarins. Meanwhile, the result of a quantitative test shows that the extract contains flavonoids as much as 5168 ppm.   Keywords: Sausage fruit, extraction, flavonoid, iridoid, naphthoquinone

scholarly journals Extraction of rubber (hevea brasiliensis) seed oil using soxhlet method

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.H. Mohd-Setapar ◽  
Lee Nian-Yian ◽  
N.S. Mohd-Sharif
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Rubber Seed

Soxhlet extraction which is also known as solvent extraction refers to the preferential dissolution of oil by contacting oilseeds with a liquid solvent. This is the most efficient method to recover oil from oilseeds, thus solvent extraction using hexane has been commercialized as a standard practice in today’s industry. In this study, soxhlet extraction had been used to extract the rubber seed oil which contains high percentage of alpha-linolenic acid. In addition, the different solvents will be used for the extraction of rubber seed oil such as petroleum ether, n-hexane, ethanol and water to study the best solvent to extract the rubber seed oil so the maximum oil yield can be obtained. On the other hands, the natural resource, rubber belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae, the genus is Hevea while the species of rubber is brasiliensis. Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seeds are abundant and wasted because they had not been used in any industry or applications in daily life. The oil of rubber seeds had been found that contained a significant percentage of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids especially alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Alpha-linolenic acid is one of the important elements of omega-3 fatty acids which play important roles in human metabolism, not only playing structural roles in phospholipid bilayers but also acting as precursors to bioactive molecules. Moreover, rubber seed oil also contains a high percentage of oleic acid and linoleic acid, these all are valuable compounds. Thus, rubber seed oil can be regarded as a plant derived oleic-linolenic acid. Rubber seeds can be considered as good sources for human food, animal feed and biofuel with its high content of fat, protein, amino acids and fatty acids. Therefore, it is important to study the method of extraction to extract the valuable components from rubber seeds, purify the extracted seed oil, so that the rubber seeds oil can be utilized into difference industries pharmaceutical, food, oleochemical and cosmetics.

scholarly journals (246) Crude Lipid Content and Its Relationship to Carotenoid and Tocopherol Concentration in Carrot (Daucus carota)

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1018C-1018
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Baeten ◽  
Thomas C. Koch ◽  
Irwin L. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Level ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Tocopherol Concentration ◽  
Crude Lipid ◽  
Carotenoid Concentration ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
The Given

Carrot has been bred for increased levels of pro-vitamin E α-tocopherol. This vitamin is lipid soluble. Carrot root has been shown to have measurable levels of lipid, but it is not certain if the lipid level is correlated to α-tocopherol levels. The HPLC method is needed to quantify levels of α-tocopherol. Measuring lipids may be less time consuming in a breeding program. We developed a method for extracting lipids from carrot tissue based on the Soxhlet extraction method. The Soxhlet extraction uses a non-polar ether solvent to pull lipids out of freeze-dried tissue. A collection of carrot accessions ranging in α-tocopherol concentration 0.04–0.18 ppm and carotenoid concentration 10.63–1673.76 ppm were used in this investigation. Root tissue was freeze-dried and lipid levels were measured in an experiment with two replications. The mean lipid level of root tissue was 0.05 g fat/g tissue. The range was 0–1.1 g fat/g tissue. Phenotypic correlations were performed among lipid, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene concentrations in these samples. Twenty-four samples were tested for lipid levels (12 high and 12 low). From these results, percent lipid of the root was determined. Correlations were made between the lipid data and α-tocopherol data of the given samples.

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