scholarly journals 62 Evaluating detoxification efficacy of deoxynivalenol by encapsulated sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) using an in vitro intestinal epithelial cell IPEC-J2 model

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 38-39
Author(s):  
Peng Lu ◽  
Changning Yu ◽  
Shangxi Liu ◽  
Joshua Gong ◽  
Song Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial

Abstract Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination occurs on feed ingredients and causes a reduction in growth performance, damage to the intestinal epithelial cells, and increased susceptibility to enteric pathogen challenge. Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) has been successfully used to destroy DON in processed grains or feeds. However, SMBS degrades quickly under aqueous acid conditions, such as pig stomachs, and when SMBS is added to diet, little will remain intact in the small intestine where an optimal pH environment exists for detoxification by SMBS. Thus, this study was to encapsulate SMBS into microparticles to deliver intact SMBS to the small intestine and evaluate its efficacy of DON detoxification in the simulated intestine fluid (SIF) using an in vitro intestinal epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) model. The results showed that around 40% of the SMBS loading capacity was achieved in the microparticles. In vitro release studies showed that 1.61% of encapsulated SMBS was released in the simulated gastric fluid (SGF), and the majority of encapsulated SMBS (75.52%) was progressively released in the SIF within 6 h at 37 °C. In vitro cell experiments showed that DON treated with the SIF containing 0.5% SMBS for 2 h completely attenuated the DON-induced cytotoxicity. When DON was treated with the SGF containing 0.5% encapsulated SMBS for 2 h and then the mixture was mixed with the SIF (1:1) and incubated for 2 h, it also completely attenuated the DON-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, DON treated with the simulated fluid containing 0.5% encapsulated SMBS completely attenuated the gene expression inflammatory cytokines upregulated by DON and restored trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and tight junction and cytoskeleton. In summary, the encapsulation of SMBS was stable in SGF and allowed a progressive release of SMBS in the SIF. Moreover, the released SMBS in the SIF effectively attenuated the adverse effects induced by DON in the intestinal epithelial cells.

PSIII-21 Efficacy of deoxynivalenol detoxification by sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) containing nanofibrous mats using an in vitro intestinal epithelial cell IPEC-J2

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 341-342
Author(s):  
Changning Yu ◽  
Quintin Litke ◽  
Peng Lu ◽  
Shangxi Liu ◽  
Joshua Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Eudragit L100 ◽  
Vitro Analysis

Abstract Deoxynivalenol (DON) occurs in many commonly used cereal grains. Pigs feed with DON concentrations as low as 0.6–2.0 mg/kg can result in reduced feed intake and growth rate, damage to intestinal epithelial cells, and increase susceptibility to enteric pathogens. Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) can efficiently detoxify DON by converting it 8-DONS or 10-DONS in vitro. However, if SMBS is added directly to the feed, SMBS rapidly degrades under acidic aqueous conditions (e.g. pig stomach) and little SMBS is delivered to the intestinal absorption site where it can effectively detoxify DON. Thus, the objective of this study was to encapsulate SMBS into Eudragit L100-55 nanofibrous mats to deliver intact SMBS to the small intestine and evaluate the efficacy of DON detoxification in the simulated intestine fluid (SIF) using an in vitro intestinal epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) model. Nanofibrous mats were produced by coaxial electrospinning, with peak loading capacity and loading efficiency of SMBS reaching 32.00% and 80.01%. DON-induced cytotoxicity was not observed during in vitro analysis consisting of incubation of DON in the presence of SMBS-containing nanofibers (0.5% w/w) in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) for 2 h followed by incubation in a mixture of SGF and SIF (1:1) for 20 min. Meanwhile, compared to the DON treatment, incubation of DON in the presence of SMBS-containing nanofiber (0.5% w/w) in SGF for 2 h and SIF for 20 min decreased the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the IPEC-J2 cells and maintained the cell integrity. To conclude, SMBS released from Eudragit L100-55 nanofibrous mats in the SIF effectively decreased the adverse effects induced by DON in the IPEC-J2 cells. Nanofibrous mats can release a large amount of SMBS in a short time in SIF to achieve the effect of detoxifying DON.

scholarly journals Rapid protein kinase D1 signaling promotes migration of intestinal epithelial cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (3) ◽  
pp. G356-G366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven H. Young ◽  
Nora Rozengurt ◽  
James Sinnett-Smith ◽  
Enrique Rozengurt
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Protein Kinase D1

We have examined the role of protein kinase D1 (PKD1) signaling in intestinal epithelial cell migration. Wounding monolayer cultures of intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-18 or IEC-6 induced rapid PKD1 activation in the cells immediately adjacent to the wound edge, as judged by immunofluorescence microscopy with an antibody that detects the phosphorylated state of PKD1 at Ser916, an autophosphorylation site. An increase in PKD1 phosphorylation at Ser916 was evident as early as 45 s after wounding, reached a maximum after 3 min, and persisted for ≥15 min. PKD1 autophosphorylation at Ser916 was prevented by the PKD family inhibitors kb NB 142-70 and CRT0066101. A kb NB 142-70-sensitive increase in PKD autophosphorylation was also elicited by wounding IEC-6 cells. Using in vitro kinase assays after PKD1 immunoprecipitation, we corroborated that wounding IEC-18 cells induced rapid PKD1 catalytic activation. Further results indicate that PKD1 signaling is required to promote migration of intestinal epithelial cells into the denuded area of the wound. Specifically, treatment with kb NB 142-70 or small interfering RNAs targeting PKD1 markedly reduced wound-induced migration in IEC-18 cells. To test whether PKD1 promotes migration of intestinal epithelial cells in vivo, we used transgenic mice that express elevated PKD1 protein in the small intestinal epithelium. Enterocyte migration was markedly increased in the PKD1 transgenic mice. These results demonstrate that PKD1 activation is one of the early events initiated by wounding a monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells and indicate that PKD1 signaling promotes the migration of these cells in vitro and in vivo.

scholarly journals PSIX-17 Investigating the biological activities of sodium cellobionate produced from cellulosic biomass

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 187-187
Author(s):  
Lauren Kovanda ◽  
Zhiliang Fan ◽  
Xunde Li ◽  
Yanhong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial

Abstract A novel method has been developed to easily hydrolyze cellulose to sodium cellobionate in a filamentous fungas, Neurospora crassa. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the in vitro biological activities of sodium cellobionate. Antioxidant activity was evaluated with 3 chemical-based assays, including DPPH radical scavenging assay (DPPH), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay (TEAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Antimicrobial activity was determined as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) that prevented growth of tested bacteria, including four gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli F18 and ATCC 25922, and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and a wild strain isolated from cull diary cows in California) and one gram-positive bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212). Anti-inflammatory activity was tested by analyzing TNF-α production with porcine alveolar macrophages that were challenged with lipopolysaccharide. A porcine intestinal epithelial cell line, IPEC-J2, was also used to test the effects of cellobionate on cell proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. The tested doses of sodium cellobionate were 0, 0.04, 0.20, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 20.00, and 40.00 mg/mL. All assays were performed with over 6 replicates, except that MIC assays were performed as triplicate. All data were analyzed by PROC MIXED of SAS. Sodium cellobionate did not have radical scavenging capacity, but had weak FRAP (9.68 μM L-Cysteine equivalent) and TEAC (69% reduction) at the dose of 40 mg/mL. MIC results revealed that sodium cellobionate did not inhibit the growth of all tested bacteria, indicating it does not have antimicrobial activity within the range of tested doses. Sodium cellobionate did not exhibit anti-inflammatory activities, but significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) intestinal epithelial cell proliferation in vitro by 24.00%, 39.64%, and 25.98% when the doses were 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00 mg/mL, respectively. Results of this experiment indicate that cellobionate has limited biological activities in vitro, except that this biomass product could strongly stimulate the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. Future research will focus on the potential impacts of sodium cellobionate on intestinal physiology in vivo.

Factors affecting the colonization of isolated rabbit intestinal epithelial cells by Vibrio cholerae 01 in vitro

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 642-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sasmal ◽  
B. Guhathakurta ◽  
S. N. Sikdar ◽  
A. Datta
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
O Antigen

The adhesive capability of Vibrio cholerae 01 strains to isolated rabbit intestinal epithelial cells was maximally expressed when the bacteria were grown in synthetic broth and was enhanced by the presence of Ca2+ in the growth media. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine could inhibit the adhesion of the bacteria to rabbit intestinal epithelial cells as could lipopolysaccharide O-antigen from Vibrio cholerae 01 and lectin from Triticum vulgaris. Since the lipopolysaccharide is known to contain N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and because the lectin from Triticum vulgaris shows specificity for this sugar, it is probable that N-acetyl-D-glucosamine is actively involved in the adhesion of Vibrio cholerae 01 to isolated rabbit intestinal epithelial cells.Key words: adhesion, Vibrio cholerae 01, rabbit intestinal epithelial cell.

scholarly journals The Bacteroides fragilis Toxin Binds to a Specific Intestinal Epithelial Cell Receptor

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 5382-5390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoguang Wu ◽  
Jai Shin ◽  
Guangming Zhang ◽  
Mitchell Cohen ◽  
Augusto Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cellular Receptor ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Protease Activated Receptors ◽  
E Cadherin

ABSTRACT The Bacteroides fragilis toxin (BFT) is the only known virulence factor of enterotoxigenic B. fragilis. BFT has previously been shown to act, at least in part, through cleavage of the intercellular adhesion protein E-cadherin. A specific cellular receptor for BFT has not been identified. The goal of this study was to determine if the initial interaction of BFT with intestinal epithelial cells was consistent with binding to a specific cellular receptor. Purified BFT was labeled with a fluorophore or iodide to assess specific cellular binding and the properties of BFT cellular binding. BFT binds specifically to intestinal epithelial cell lines in vitro in a polarized manner. However, specific binding occurs only at 37°C and requires BFT metalloprotease activity. The BFT receptor is predicted to be a membrane protein other than E-cadherin or a known protease-activated receptor (PAR1 to PAR4). BFT binding is resistant to acid washing, suggesting an irreversible interaction. Sugar or lipid residues do not appear to be involved in the mechanism of BFT cellular binding, but binding is sensitive to membrane cholesterol depletion. We conclude that intestinal epithelial cells in vitro possess a specific membrane BFT receptor that is distinct from E-cadherin. The data favor a model in which the metalloprotease domain of BFT processes its receptor protein, initiating cellular signal transduction that mediates the biological activity of BFT. However, activation of recognized protease-activated receptors does not mimic or block BFT biological activity or binding, suggesting that additional protease-activated receptors on intestinal epithelial cells remain to be identified.

Induction of endothelin-1 synthesis by IL-2 and its modulation of rat intestinal epithelial cell growth

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (3) ◽  
pp. G556-G563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeharu Shigematsu ◽  
Soichiro Miura ◽  
Masahiko Hirokawa ◽  
Ryota Hokari ◽  
Hajime Higuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Proliferative Response ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial

Endothelin (ET), a vasoconstrictive peptide, is known to have a variety of biological actions. Although ET is released by vascular endothelial cells, other cell populations also have been reported to synthesize and release ET. In this study, we examined whether ET is synthesized by intestinal epithelial cells and whether it affects induction of epithelial cell proliferation by interleukin-2 (IL-2). Subconfluent monolayers of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6 and IEC-18) were maintained in serum-free medium before addition of rat IL-2. Both IEC-6 and IEC-18 cells released ET-1 into the medium under unstimulated conditions, as determined by a sandwich ELISA. IL-2 significantly enhanced ET-1 release in a time-dependent manner. ET-3 was not detectable in the culture media of either cell line. Expression of ET-1 and ET-3 mRNA in epithelial cells was assessed by competitive PCR. Both cell lines were shown to express ET-1 mRNA, but no ET-3 mRNA was detected. IL-2 treatment enhanced ET-1 mRNA expression by both IEC-6 and IEC-18 cells. Both cell lines also expressed mRNA for ETA and ETB receptor subtypes. When cell proliferation was assessed, exogenous ET-1 induced a slight proliferative response in both types of cells that was consistent and significant at low ET-1 concentrations; cell growth was inhibited at a higher concentration (10−7M). IL-2 produced a significant proliferative response in both cell lines. However, the addition of ET-1 (10−7 M) to culture media attenuated the IL-2-induced increase in cell proliferation. ETA-receptor antagonists significantly enhanced cellular proliferation, suggesting involvement of the ETA receptor in modulation of IL-2-induced intestinal epithelial cell growth.

Nitric oxide synthase induction and intestinal epithelial cell viability in rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (2) ◽  
pp. G214-G218 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Tepperman ◽  
J. F. Brown ◽  
B. J. Whittle
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Intestinal Damage ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Cellular Viability

The present study determined the presence of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase activities in intestinal isolated epithelial cells and the effects of NO induction on intestinal epithelial cell viability. Epithelial cells were isolated from rat proximal small intestine by dispersion using citrate and EDTA. Constitutive NO synthase activity, determined by [14C]arginine conversion to citrulline that was inhibited by in vitro incubation with the arginine analogue NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 300 microM) or ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA; 1 mM), was observed in these cells. Administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 3 mg/kg iv) significantly augmented NO synthase activity (determined 4 h later), which was inhibited in vitro by incubation with L-NMMA but not by EGTA. The highest level of constitutive and inducible NO synthase activity occurred in intestinal villus cells, and the lowest was in crypt cells. Induction of NO synthase activity was associated with a decrease in cellular viability as assessed by a decrease in trypan blue exclusion. Dexamethasone pretreatment (1 mg/kg iv 2 h before LPS administration) significantly reduced both induction of NO synthase activity and the reduction in cellular viability. Likewise concurrent administration of the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 mg/kg sc) ameliorated the reduction in cell viability induced by LPS administration, an effect abolished by pretreatment with the NO substrate L-arginine (350 mg/kg sc). Whereas constitutively formed NO may have a physiological role in these cells, the results in this study suggest that induction of NO synthase in epithelial cells may represent a mechanism of local intestinal damage.

scholarly journals Schisandrin A protects intestinal cells from mycophenolic acid-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyun Deng ◽  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
Yuanyuan Hong ◽  
Lijuan Feng ◽  
Yong Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Mycophenolic Acid ◽  
Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial

Abstract Objectives: The gastrointestinal side effects of mycophenolic acid affect its efficacy in kidney transplant patients, which may be due to its toxicity to the intestinal epithelial mechanical barrier, including intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and destruction of tight junctions. The toxicity mechanism of mycophenolic acid is related to oxidative stress-mediated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP K). Schisandrin A (Sch A), one of the main active components of the Schisandra chinensis, can protects intestinal epithelial cells from deoxynivalenol-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage by antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect and potential mechanism of Sch A on mycophenolic acid-induced damage in intestinal epithelial cell. Methods: Caco-2 cells monolayers were treated with mycophenolic acid (10µM) and/or Sch A (10, 20 and 40µM) at 37°C for 24h, and cell viability was measured by MTT; Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of relevant proteins. Intracellular ROS and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured by kits. Results: The results showed that Sch A significantly reversed the mycophenolic acid-induced cell viability reduction, restored the expression of tight junction protein ZO-1, occludin and reduced cell apoptosis. In addition, Sch A inhibited mycophenolic acid-mediated MAPK activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase. Conclusions: Sch A protected intestinal epithelial cells from mycophenolic acid intestinal toxicity, at least in part, by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusions: Sch A protected intestinal epithelial cells from mycophenolic acid intestinal toxicity, at least in part, by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting MAPK signaling pathway.

Iron chelation acutely stimulates fetal human intestinal cell production of IL-6 and VEGF while decreasing HGF: the roles of p38, ERK, and JNK MAPK signaling

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (4) ◽  
pp. G958-G963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy A. Markel ◽  
Paul R. Crisostomo ◽  
Meijing Wang ◽  
Christine M. Herring ◽  
Tim Lahm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
P38 Mapk ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cell ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Iron Chelation ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Cell Production ◽  
Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Tnf Α

Bacteria have developed mechanisms to sequester host iron via chelators such as deferoxamine (DFO). Interestingly, DFO has been shown to stimulate acute intestinal epithelial cell inflammatory cytokine production in the absence of bacteria; however, this mechanism has not been elucidated. Intestinal epithelial cell production of IL-6 and TNF-α is elevated in various gastrointestinal pathologies, including acute intestinal ischemia. Similarly, VEGF and HGF are essential to intestinal epithelial cell integrity. Therapeutic strategies that decrease IL-6 and TNF-α while increasing VEGF and HGF therefore have theoretical appeal. We hypothesized that 1) fetal human intestinal epithelial cells acutely produce increased IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF, and HGF during iron chelation and 2) the MAPK pathway mediates these effects. Fetal human intestinal epithelial cells were stimulated by iron chelation (1 mM DFO) with and without p38 MAPK, ERK, or JNK inhibition. Supernatants were harvested after 24 h of incubation, and IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF, and HGF levels were quantified by ELISA. Activation of MAPK pathways was confirmed by Western blot analysis. DFO stimulation resulted in a significant increase in epithelial cell IL-6 and VEGF production while yielding a decrease in HGF production ( P < 0.05). Unexpectedly, TNF-α was not detectable. p38 MAPK, ERK, and JNK inhibition significantly decreased IL-6, VEGF, and HGF production ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, DFO acutely increases fetal human intestinal epithelial cell IL-6 and VEGF expression while causing an unexpected decrease in HGF expression and no detectable TNF-α production. Furthermore, chelator-induced intestinal epithelial cell cytokine expression depends on p38, ERK, and JNK MAPK pathways.

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