Response of Suppressed White Pine Saplings to Release During Shelterwood Cutting

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 166-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kelty ◽  
Petya K. Entcheva
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Sprout Growth ◽  
Herbicide Control

Abstract The need for herbicide control of hardwood understories is widely recognized for successful regeneration of white pine, because of the slow height growth of pine seedlings; however, it is often not carried out in the low-investment silviculture frequently practiced in New England. This study examined the ability of suppressed white pine saplings to respond to release following a shelterwood establishment cut where no hardwood control was done. Measurements of regeneration were made 11 yr after cutting in a mature pine-oak stand on a till soil in central Massachusetts. Pine seedlings established after the cut were surpassed in height by hardwood seedling and sprout growth. Older suppressed pine saplings which predated the establishment cut (10 to 38 yr old at the time of the cut, with mean heights of 0.4 to 2.0 m) quickly responded to release and grew to mean heights of 3.8 to 5.1 m 11 yr after cutting; these were within 1.5 m of the height of the tallest hardwoods. Retention of older pine saplings during shelterwood establishment cutting may provide a way of maintaining a white pine component in newly regenerated stands, particularly where herbicide control of hardwood competition is not planned. North. J. Appl. For. 11(1):166-169.

Impact of Deer Browsing on Regeneration in Mixed Stands in Southern New England

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Kittredge ◽  
P. Mark S. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Browsing preferences by white-tailed deer were evaluated for 6 tree species in northeastern Connecticut. Deer density averaged 23/mile². Deer exhibited no species-specific preferences for seedlings greater than 19 in. For seedlings less than 19 in., hemlock and black birch were preferred. Red maple, sugar maple, and white pine seedlings were avoided. Red oak seedlings were neither preferred nor avoided. A much higher proportion of seedlings greater than 19.7 in. in height was browsed, regardless of species. Browsing preferences for species in the smaller seedling class, combined with a lack of preference for species in the larger class may result in future stands with less diverse tree species composition. Deer densities in excess of 23/mile² may be incompatible with regeneration of diverse forests in southern New England. North. J. Appl. For. 12(3):115-120.

scholarly journals Growth and Injury Patterns of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) Seedlings as Affected by Hardwood Overstory Density and Weeding Treatments

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome A. Krueger ◽  
Klaus J. Puettmann
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Injury Patterns ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Abstract White pine seedlings were underplanted under a range of overstory densities in a hardwood stand in northern Minnesota. Vegetation surrounding seedlings was left untreated (control), weeded annually, or completely removed through monthly weeding. After 4 years, the benefit of weeding woody competition for diameter growth of seedlings was limited to areas with relatively open overstory conditions. Seedling height growth was reduced in areas with higher overstory density, but improved through weeding treatments that removed woody vegetation. The removal of herbaceous vegetation did not improve growth of seedlings in any conditions. Open growing conditions created by overstory removal and weed control resulted in higher incidences of seedling injuries, e.g., through infection by white pine blister rust. Conditions for pine bark adelgids also were enhanced in areas with low overstory densities and weeding treatments. The incidence for white pine weevil seems to follow a similar pattern, although the number of trees infected was minimal. Results show that improving growing conditions through management of the overstory and understory vegetation improves seedling growth rates, but must be balanced with potentially higher incidences of seedling injuries under more open conditions.

Converting Rhododendron-Laurel Thickets to White Pine with Picloram and Mycorrhizae-Inoculated Seedlings

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Neary ◽  
James E. Douglass ◽  
John L. Ruehle ◽  
Walter Fox
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Rhododendron Maximum ◽  
Pellet Formulation

Abstract A ridge site in the Appalachian highlands of North Carolina was prepared for planting container-grown white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings by treatment with herbicide. A pellet formulation of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) containing 10% acid equivalent was applied in May 1978. Control of rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.), laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.), and other hardwood vegetation was sufficient to allow pine establishment. White pine survival was 96% 18 months after planting. Inoculation of seedlings while still in the greenhouse with the mycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch did not significantly affect seedling survival, total height, seasonal height growth, or basal diameter in the field. Height growth the second growing season after planting 6-month, container-grown stock averaged 5.1 to 7.5 inches. Eighteen months after planting, total seedling height averaged 13.3 inches, with the tallest exceeding 29.1 inches. Both height and diameter growth of white pine seedlings were inversely related to the degree of shading from remaining vegetation.

White pine in the transition hardwood forest

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 2046-2053 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Hibbs
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Hardwood Forests ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Pine Stands

Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in central New England is found in pure stands and as a component of mixed hardwood -pine stands. In older mixed forests, this pine is emergent over the surrounding hardwood canopy. Owing to the only moderate shade tolerance and initial slow growth rate of pine, there has been frequent speculation about how pine could survive and grow in hardwood forests. Results presented here indicate that successful white pine regeneration is achieved (i) by group reproduction in dense hardwood stands (25 m2∙h−1) where the group acts as a buffer around a central and eventually surviving pine; (ii) by single pine seedlings if hardwood competition is not too severe (18 m2∙h−1); (iii) occasionally by advanced regeneration from a previous stand; and, (iv) in mature forests, by regeneration in larger canopy gaps.

Site Index Curves and Site Factors Affecting the Growth of White Pine in Southern Ontario

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-186
Author(s):  
Peter A. Williams ◽  
Andrew M. Gordon ◽  
Edward P. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Breast Height

Abstract The objectives of this project were to develop site index curves and provide soil-site information for southern Ontario white pine and to compare that information to similar information on white pine from other regions and to information on Norway spruce in the study area. Sampling points were selected in unthinned white pine plantations and classified by sod textural class (course, medium, and free) and depth to distinct mottling (0-16, 16-40, and 40 + in.). Two sets of anamorphic site index curves were constructed from stem analysis data, using a total age of 30 years (SI30) and a breast height age of 25 years (SIBH25) as base ages. Significant differences due to soil factors were found in the number of years it took seedlings to reach breast height (BH) (mean = 6 5 years; range = 3 to 11 years) but not in SIBH25. Years to BH was significantly greater on clayey sites than those with loamy or sandy textures (6.1 vs. 5.0 and 4.9 years). White pine height growth in the study area compared favorably with white pine height growth in New England, Wisconsin, and Ohio. When white pine height growth was compared to the growth of Norway spruce in the study area, SIBH25 values were significantly higher for Norway spruce but years to BH were significantly lower for white pine. On poorly drained sites, site index values for white pine and Norway spruce were similar, but it took 2.2 years less for white pine to reach breast height (7.2 vs. 5.0 years). On imperfectly and well-drained sites, white pine seedlings took less time than Norway spruce to reach BH, but the site index of Norway spruce was much greater. North. J. Appl. For. 7:183-186, December 1990.

Short-term changes in Pinus strobus sapling height/diameter ratios following partial release: testing the acclimative stem-form development hypothesis

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric K. Zenner
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Growth Allocation ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Form Development ◽  
Partial Release

Following release, mature trees can acclimatively shift aboveground growth allocation from height to diameter at breast height (DBH) growth to adjust their stem form (reducing height/diameter ratio (HDR)) to better withstand increased wind stress. The purpose of this study was to determine if, over a 6-year period, 7- to 12-year-old eastern white pines ( Pinus strobus L.) also responded to different levels of partial release with (i) stem-form adjustments (reduced HDR) through growth-allocation shifts from height to DBH growth and (ii) lower HDR values (shorter heights) than for unreleased trees of the same DBH (“acclimative stem-form development hypothesis”). Over the 6-year postrelease period, juvenile white pine seedlings exhibited unsynchronized height and DBH growth response patterns that depended on their prerelease height growth. Height growth of faster growing white pines was temporarily reduced. Concurrently, DBH growth was enhanced with increasing release intensity. HDR reductions followed a fairly narrow and predictable trajectory, but HDR values of released trees were not lower than those of unreleased trees of the same DBH after 6 years. Juvenile white pine seedlings appear to maintain a balance among aboveground tree parts to enhance future tree stability, which may be an adaptive trait for moderately shade-tolerant species.

Performance of Eastern White Pine and Competing Vegetation Following Two Methods of Stand Conversion

1977 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip C. Freeman ◽  
D. H. Van Lear
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Stand Conversion ◽  
Sprout Growth

Abstract Growth and survival of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings planted beneath a residual hardwood overstory were compared for two growing seasons with seedlings in a clearcut area in the Piedmont of South Carolina. After two growing seasons, average diameter of white pine seedlings was significantly greater in the clearcut area. Seedling diameters in the clearcut were further increased by herbicide spraying, but not in the residual overstory plots where overstory competition inhibited sprout growth. Neither height growth nor survival (49 percent overall) of white pine seedlings was influenced by any treatment combination.

Effects of overstory and understory competition and simulated herbivory on growth and survival of white pine seedlings

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike R Saunders ◽  
Klaus J Puettmann
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Resource Reallocation ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Brush Control

The interactive impact of overstory canopy closure, understory brush control, and simulated white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) herbivory (i.e., clipping) on growth and survival of underplanted white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings was examined. Clipping was conducted in April 1996 and 1997 at three intensities (control, 0% previous year's growth removed; lightly clipped, terminal and 50% previous year's growth removed, and heavily clipped: 100% of previous-year's growth removed) and three frequencies (never clipped, clipped once, clipped 2 years in a row). Decreasing overstory canopy closure and brush competition generally increased growth of seedlings under all clipping regimes, with heavily clipped seedlings showing the least benefit of reduced competition. Although first-year height growth was stimulated after light-intensity clipping, this effect did not persist the following year, and these trees still were significantly shorter than controls at the end of the experiment. Diameter growth was reduced at any clipping intensity or frequency, and remained below controls throughout the experiment. Seedling mortality was higher without brush control and after clipping. Results suggest that increased overstory and understory competition reduced seedling growth and survival. In regards to clipping, initial height growth stimulation may result from (i) resource reallocation away from diameter and root growth and (or) (ii) hormonal redistributions from loss of apical control in the seedling. Since both high competition levels and increased herbivory reduced seedling vigor, we suggest that understory brush control and deer protection (e.g., budcapping) go hand in hand to regenerate white pine.

DEVELOPMENT OF A WHITE PINE UNDERPLANTATION IN THINNED AND UNTHINNED ASPEN

1966 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Clements
Keyword(s):  
High Mortality ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

In 1936, part of a dense 12-year-old aspen sucker stand was thinned. In the following year thinned and unthinned portions of the stand were underplanted with 2-2 white pine stock.By 1950, most seedlings were still small and slow-growing. Mortality among these individuals was high in the following 10 years but mortality was fairly light among seedlings of taller height classes. Height growth of seedlings continued to be poor so long as the crowns were below the shrub layer.White pine planted beneath young aspen stands require care at least until they are about 4 feet tall, especially on moist sites. The underbrush must be controlled, otherwise excessively high mortality and poor growth of the survivors will result.

Development patterns in two hemlock–hardwood stands in southern New England

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kelty
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Constant Rate

Two forest stands, composed primarily of northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr.), were studied by stand-reconstruction techniques to determine the pattern of development of canopy structure. One stand had originated following clear-cutting 87 years ago; the other, following catastrophic windthrow 44 years ago. Juvenile height growth of the hardwood species was much greater than that of hemlock and a stratified canopy developed by age 30 years, with hardwoods forming an overstory canopy above hemlock. Hemlocks maintained overstory positions only if they were 3 m or more in height immediately following canopy disturbance. In the older stand, hardwood height growth was about twice that of the tallest understory hemlocks during the first 30 years. The hardwood overstory slowed after that and grew at the same rate as the tallest understory hemlocks, which maintained a constant rate of height growth, and a constant to accelerating rate of basal area growth for much of the 87-year measurement period. The height growth of the tallest understory hemlocks was apparently limited in part by breakage of terminal shoots, caused by abrasion against branches of overstory hardwood crowns.

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