scholarly journals A Weed Compaction Roller System for Use with Mechanical Herbicide Application

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam H. Wiese ◽  
Daniel A. Netzer ◽  
Don E. Riemenschneider ◽  
Ronald S. Zalesny
Keyword(s):  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Roller System ◽  
The Cost

Abstract We designed, constructed, and field-tested a versatile and unique weed compaction roller system that can be used with mechanical herbicide application for invasive weed control in tree plantations, agronomic settings, and areas where localized flora and fauna are in danger of elimination from the landscape. The weed compaction roller system combined with herbicide application generally had greater vegetation control compared with using only herbicide treatments or the unsprayed control. The roller system-herbicide treatment combination showed substantial total vegetation control two growing seasons after application without impacting diameter growth of the crop trees, which supports the need for less frequent entries into the field. The cost of the roller system was approximately $300.00.

Cotton tolerance to halauxifen-methyl applied preplant

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (04) ◽  
pp. 620-626
Author(s):  
M. Carter Askew ◽  
Charles W. Cahoon ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
Michael L. Flessner ◽  
David B. Langston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Plant ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Rotation Interval ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Auxin Herbicides

AbstractAuxin herbicides are used in combinations to control glyphosate-resistant horseweed preplant burndown. Herbicide labels for 2,4-D–containing products require a 30-d rotation interval for planting cotton cultivars not resistant to 2,4-D. Dicamba labels require an accumulation of 2.5 cm of rain plus 21 d per 280 g ae ha–1 rotation interval for planting cotton cultivars not resistant to dicamba. Previous research has shown that cotton injury caused by dicamba applied 14 d before planting was transient with little effect on cotton yield, whereas 2,4-D has little effect on cotton when applied 7 d prior to planting. Injury caused by dicamba and 2,4-D is inversely related to rainfall received between herbicide application and cotton planting. Experiments were conducted to evaluate cotton tolerance to halauxifen-methyl, a new Group 4 herbicide, applied at intervals shorter than labeled requirements. Experiments were established near Painter and Suffolk, VA, and Belvidere, Clayton, Eure, Lewiston, and Rocky Mount, NC, during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. Herbicide treatments included halauxifen, dicamba, and 2,4-D applied 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0 wk before planting (WBP). Visible estimates of cotton growth reduction and total injury were collected 1, 2, and 4 wk after cotton emergence (WAE). Cotton stand and percentage of plants with distorted leaves were recorded 2 and 4 WAE. Cotton plant heights were recorded 4 and 8 WAE. Halauxifen was less injurious (9%) than dicamba (26%) or 2,4-D (21%) 2 WAE when herbicides were applied 0 WBP. Cotton stand reduction 2 WAE by halauxifen was less than 2,4-D and dicamba when applied 0 WBP. Injury observed from herbicides applied 1, 2, 3, and 4 WBP was minor, and no significant differences in cotton stand were observed. Early-season cotton injury was transient, and seed cotton yield was unaffected by any treatment.

Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control with Imazethapyr and Haloxyfop in Conventional and Vertical-tilled Soybean (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector J. Tassara ◽  
Jose Santoro ◽  
Mircza C. De Seiler ◽  
Esteban Bojanich ◽  
Claudio Rubione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Reduced Frequency ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Measuring Frequency

Field studies in conventional and vertical-tilled soybeans were conducted in 1992/93 and 1993/94 at four locations in Argentina to compare the efficacy of imazethapyr and haloxyfop for johnsongrass control. Control was evaluated by measuring frequency of johnsongrass-infested areas at the beginning of the 1992/93 and 1993/94 growing seasons. Relative johnsongrass leaf area and number of rhizome phytomers within infested areas also was evaluated. Herbicide application reduced frequency of infested areas in the 1992/93 growing season. Frequency of infested areas increased in check plots. No differences were found among herbicide treatments, suggesting that the effect of imazethapyr was as high as that observed for specific graminicides. Reduction in frequency of infested areas caused by herbicide treatments was accompanied to some extent by a decrease in intensity of infestation within infested patches assessed by measuring johnsongrass relative leaf area. Phytomer population levels, on the other hand, were reduced only after two consecutive years of herbicide application. No differences were found among herbicide treatments in terms of impact on both measures of weed abundance. Johnsongrass responded similarly to all treatments regardless of tillage system.

Response of wildlife to forest herbicide applications in northern coniferous ecosystems

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2286-2299 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Lautenschlager
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammal ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Small Mammal Species ◽  
Coniferous Ecosystems

Reviewed studies of the effects of forest herbicide applications on wildlife often lacked replication, pretreatment information, and (or) were conducted for only one or two growing seasons after treatment. Because of these problems, as well as the use of dissimilar sampling techniques, study conclusions have sometimes been contradictory. A review of eight studies of the effects of herbicide treatments on northern songbird populations in regenerating clearcuts indicates that total songbird populations are seldom reduced during the growing season after treatment. Densities of species that use early successional brushy, deciduous cover are sometimes reduced, while densities of species which commonly use more open areas, sometimes increase. A review of 14 studies of the effects of herbicide treatments on small mammals indicates that like songbirds, small mammal responses are species specific. Some species are unaffected, while some select and others avoid herbicide-treated areas. Only studies that use kill or removal trapping to study small mammal responses show density reductions associated with herbicide treatment. It seems that some small mammal species may be reluctant to venture into disturbed areas, although residents in those areas are apparently not affected by the disturbance. Fourteen relevant studies examined the effects of conifer release treatments on moose and deer foods and habitat use. Conifer release treatments reduce the availability of moose browse for as long as four growing seasons after treatment. The degree of reduction during the growing season after treatment varies with the herbicide and rate used. Deer use of treated areas remains unchanged or increases during the first growing season after treatment. Eight years after treating a naturally regenerated spruce–fir stand browse was three to seven times more abundant on treated than on control plots (depending on the chemical and rate used). Forage quality (nitrogen, ash, and moisture) of crop trees increased one growing season after the soil-active herbicide simazine was applied to control competition around outplanted 3-year-old balsam fir seedlings.

scholarly journals S-metolachlor efficacy on the control of Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, and Panicum maximum in mechanically green harvested sugarcane

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.M. Correia ◽  
F.J. Perussi ◽  
L.J.P. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of S-metolachlor applied in pre-emergence conditions for the control of Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, and Panicum maximum in sugar cane mechanically harvested without previous burning of the crop (green harvest) with the crop residue either left or not on the soil surface. The experiments were established in the field according to a randomized complete block design with four repetitions in a 7 x 2 split-plot scheme. In the plots, five herbicide treatments were studied (S-metolachlor at 1.44, 1.92, and 2.40 kg ha-1, clomazone at 1.20 kg ha-1, and isoxaflutole at 0.188 kg ha-1), and two control treatments with no herbicide application. In the subplots, the presence or absence of sugar cane crop residue on the soil surface was evaluated. S-metolachlor efficacy was not hampered by either 14 or 20 t ha-1 of sugar cane crop residue on the soil surface. When sugar cane crop residue was covering the soil surface, S-metolachlor at a rate of 1.44 kg ha-1 resulted in weed control similar at their larger rates, where as without the presence of crop residue, S-metolachlor controlled B. decumbens, D. horizontalis, and P. maximum at the rates of 1.92, 1.44, and 1.92 kg ha-1, respectively. The herbicides clomazone and isoxaflutole were effective for the studied species, independently of the crop residue covering the soil surface. S-metolachlor caused no visible injury symptoms to the sugar cane plant. Clomazone and isoxaflutole caused visible injuries to the sugar cane plant. None of the herbicides negatively affected the number of viable culms m² or the culm height and diameter.

scholarly journals Interactions Between Herbicide Application and Timing of Nitrogen Fertilization in Maize Hybrids

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Guilherme V. Pimentel ◽  
Silvino G. Moreira ◽  
Mateus O. T. de Avila ◽  
Antonio Henrique F. de Carvalho ◽  
Alessandro A. P. da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Different Levels

Maize hybrids have different levels of tolerance to the herbicide nicosulfuron, depending on the dose, the environment, the phenological stage of the plant and the timing of nitrogen fertilization, and phytotoxic effects can occur without proper management. There is also limited information on the selectivity of current genetically modified hybrids for other recommended herbicides, such as tembotrione. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of herbicides (tembotrione and nicosulfuron) and the timing of nitrogen fertilization on the yield of maize hybrids. The experimental design was a randomized block design, in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 4 replicates. The treatments consisted of four treatments [weeding; nicosulfuron + atrazine (20 and 32 + 1250 g ha-1 ai) and tembotrione + atrazine (75.6 + 1250 g ha-1 ai)] and two nitrogen fertilization times (0 and 7 days after application). Maize hybrids P30F53 Leptra, DKB 230PRO3 and KWS 9004PRO2 were assessed in two growing seasons (1st and 2nd harvest) during the 2016/2017 growing season. The percentages of weed control; phytotoxicity at 7, 14 and 21 days after application (DAA); plant height; number of rows per ear; and yield at harvest were evaluated. All herbicides were more effective in controlling weeds at the 1st harvest because of favourable climatic conditions. Nitrogen fertilization can be carried out on the same day as the application of the herbicides nicosulfuron and tembotrione with no reduction in yield for the hybrids P30F53 Leptra, DKB 230PRO3 and KWS 9004PRO2.

Restoring Native Plant Communities in Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis)–Dominated Grasslands

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt A. Bahm ◽  
Thomas G. Barnes ◽  
Kent C. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
First Year ◽  
Untreated Plot ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Smooth Brome ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Native Seed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

AbstractSmooth brome (Bromus inermis) is an introduced, cool-season perennial, sod-forming grass that has been shown to invade both native cool-and warm-season grasslands throughout North America. During the fall of 2005 through spring 2007, we implemented a smooth brome removal study at five sites in eastern South Dakota. Sites were selected to represent a range of soil and environmental conditions. Seven fall herbicide treatments, five spring herbicide treatments, an untreated plot that was planted with a native seed mix, and an untreated control that received no herbicide or seed addition were applied at each location in fall 2005/spring 2006 and fall 2006/spring 2007. Based upon first-year results, three fall herbicide treatments and two spring herbicide treatments were added in fall 2006/spring 2007. Sites were seeded with a native plant mix within 2 wk following spring herbicide treatment. Smooth brome cover in untreated plots ranged from 73 to 99% at the conclusion of the study. Smooth brome cover on herbicide-treated plots ranged from 0 to 84% on 2005/2006 plots and 0 to 98% on 2006/2007 plots after three growing seasons. Native plant response varied by site and treatment, possibly due to competition from exotic weeds. Although several herbicides show promise for control of smooth brome, future response of native plants will be important in determining the proper timing and herbicide combination.

Short-term Performance of Two Sulfonylurea Herbicides: Efficacy, Seedling Survival, and Growth

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
Phillip E. Reynolds ◽  
Micheal J. Roden
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
Survival Of Seedlings

Abstract Metsulfuron (ALLY or ESCORT), 36 and 72 g ai/ha (~ 0.5 and 1.0 oz ai/ac), and sulfometuron (OUST), 150, 300, and 450 g ai/ha (~ 2.1, 4.2, and 6.3 oz ai/ac), were applied to a northern New Brunswick clearcut (silty clay loam and silty clay soils) to reduce raspberry competition. Treatment, using skidder-mounted herbicide application equipment, occurred in May and August 1986, with planting of 2+2, bareroot, black spruce seedlings in June 1986 and in June 1987. Seedling survival and growth were measured yearly for 5 growing seasons after planting. By August 1991, raspberry cover was less in some treatments than in controls. Survival of seedlings planted 1 month after spring treatments was less than controls, and no significant stem volume increases were observed. Survival of seedlings planted approximately 1 yr after spring treatments was greater than that of control seedlings. Survival of seedlings planted after some summer treatments also was poor, and no significant stem volume increases were noted for seedlings planted after site preparation with sulfometuron. Optimal stem volume increases over control seedlings were observed for seedlings planted 1 yr after spring sulfometuron treatment. These increases occurred sooner than for seedlings planted 1 yr after spring metsulfuron treatment or after summer metsulfuron treatment. Fifth-year stem volume for these seedlings was correlated with raspberry cover (r² = 0.44), decreasing as raspberry cover increased. We conclude that the use of other less expensive silvicultural herbicides may provide equally effective raspberry control and better black spruce seedling survival and growth. North. J. Appl. For. 12(2):80-85.

The role of ex ante regulations in addressing problems of moral hazard in agricultural insurance

2002 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calum G. Turvey ◽  
Michael Hoy ◽  
Zahirul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Agricultural Insurance ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Input Use ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Input Level

We develop a theoretical model of input use by agricultural producers who purchase crop insurance, and thus may engage in moral hazard. Through simulations, our findings show a combination of partial insurance coverage and partial monitoring of inputs may reduce substantially the problems associated with moral hazard. The minimum level of input use that must be required by regulation is determined to be substantially lower than the optimal or actual input level chosen by producers. Because the use of inputs for crop production occurs in many stages over the pre‐planting, planting, and growing seasons, only a minimal input requirement is needed. Thus, the cost of implementing such a regulation can be kept much lower than would be the case for a regulation of complete monitoring of input usage.

Control of white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi, on Sitka spruce using implants containing systemic insecticide

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 600-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Fraser ◽  
D. G. Heppner
Keyword(s):  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Systemic Insecticide ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Alternative Delivery ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Young Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., trees in three stands were treated with either Gelcaps® containing oxydemeton-methyl or Acecaps® containing acephate to test their effectiveness in protecting trees from white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck) attack. All treatments were applied in late March 1989. Weevil attack was recorded in early September 1989, 1990 and 1991. Attack was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) in all but one stand/treatment combination in 1989. Gelcaps provided significant protection (P < 0.01) in two of three stands after two years. Stem implants containing systemic insecticide can protect young Sitka spruce from weevil attack. Alternative delivery systems, such as the Ezect® lance, should be evaluated as they may improve the speed and lower the cost of operational treatments. Keywords: acephate, oxydemeton-methyl, stem implants, systemic insecticides, white pine weevil

Understorey competition affects tree growth and fate of fertilizer-applied 15N in a Coastal British Columbia plantation forest: 6-year results

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1379-1388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott X Chang ◽  
Caroline M Preston
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
Understorey Vegetation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
N Concentration

Growth of planted seedlings in cutovers dominated by salal (Gaultheria shallon Pursh) is poor largely because of low N availability and understorey competition. In this paper, the response of tree growth and fertilizer recovery to understorey competition was studied. The trees were four years old when (15NH4)2SO4 (200 kg N/ha, 3.38004% enrichment) was applied in 1991 to single-tree plots, with either understorey removed from (treated) or left (control) in the plots. Half of the plots were either sampled after two (1992) or six (1996) growing seasons. Understorey competition continued to significantly reduce height and diameter growth between 1992 and 1996, except diameter growth for western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn.). Nitrogen and 15N concentration in both tree and understorey components decreased from 1992 to 1996 and N concentration in 1-year-old foliage in 1996 (but not in 1992) was significantly lower in the control than in the treated plots, indicating that the site was low in N supply and the effect of fertilizer application on tissue N concentration did not last for 6 years. Results strongly indicated that the trees or understorey vegetation had no net uptake of fertilizer N beyond the second growing season. Understorey vegetation components played a significant role in the uptake and recycling of fertilizer N in this forest ecosystem.

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