The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1917–88

Mythologies Without End ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190459086.003.0014 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 211-218

Author(s):

Jerome Slater

Keyword(s):

Early History ◽

Terrorist Group ◽

Jewish State ◽

Before And After ◽

History Of ◽

Peace Settlement ◽

Yasser Arafat ◽

Gradual Transformation

The early history of the Zionist-Israeli conflict, from 1917 to the 1980s, is discussed. The early Zionist leaders recognized that the Palestinians had understandable reasons to resist Zionism but concluded that the need for a Jewish state outweighed the Palestinian case, leaving the Zionists no choice but to militarily defeat the Palestinians by the “iron wall” strategy. The Peel Commission and UN partition plans are explored, accepted by the Zionists only tactically until they were strong enough to expel most Palestinians from the land allotted to a Jewish state, so as to create an 80 percent Jewish majority. The rise of the PLO under Yasser Arafat is examined, along with its gradual transformation from an extremist terrorist group to its acceptance in 1988 and ever since as a proponent of a two-state compromise peace settlement. Israel’s refusal to reach such a settlement, especially before and after the 1948 and 1967 wars, is discussed.

Download Full-text

New Light on the Career of Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán

The Americas A Quarterly Review of Latin American History ◽

10.2307/979503 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 341-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Donald E. Chipman

Keyword(s):

Sixteenth Century ◽

New Spain ◽

Early History ◽

Wide Acceptance ◽

Before And After ◽

History Of ◽

Spanish Archives ◽

Hernan Cortes

It is a notable fact that Nuño Beltrán de Guzman, whom many regard as second only in importance to Hernán Cortés in the early history of New Spain, should have escaped for so long the detailed attention of historians. Because of this neglect several false notions have gained currency. For instance, it has been customarily assumed that a Nuño de Guzmán, encomendero of Puerto Plata, Española, was the man who became governor of Panuco, president of the First Audiencia of New Spain, and governor of New Galicia; and wide acceptance has been given to the belief that the man who held these important positions in New Spain died a lonely, despised man in the royal prison of Torrejón de Velasco. Recent investigations by the author in the Spanish archives of Sevilla, Madrid, Guadalajara, and Simancas strongly suggest that the Nuño de Guzmán of Puerto Plata was not the same as the more famous Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán of Guadalajara, Spain, who held three important positions in sixteenth-century New Spain. This research has also lent new insights into the life of Nuño de Guzmán of Guadalajara before and after his career in the Indies.

Download Full-text

Continental Drift—The Road to Plate Tectonics

Continents and Supercontinents ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195165890.003.0003 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

John J. W. Rogers ◽

M. Santosh

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Plate Tectonics ◽

Continental Drift ◽

Early History ◽

World War ◽

The Road ◽

The Earth ◽

Before And After ◽

History Of ◽

The University

Alfred Wegener never set out to be a geologist. With an education in meteorology and astronomy, his career seemed clear when he was appointed Lecturer in those subjects at the University of Marburg, Germany. It wasn’t until 1912, when Wegener was 32, that he published a paper titled “Die Entstehung der Kontinente” (The origin of the continents) in a recently founded journal called Geologische Rundschau. This meteorologist had just fired the opening shot in a revolution that would change the way that geologists thought about the earth. In a series of publications and talks both before and after World War I, Wegener pressed the idea that continents moved around the earth independently of each other and that the present continents resulted from the splitting of a large landmass (we now call it a “supercontinent”) that previously contained all of the world’s continents. After splitting, they moved to their current positions, closing oceans in front of them and opening new oceans behind them. Wegener and his supporters referred to this process as “continental drift.” The proposal that continents moved around the earth led to a series of investigations and ideas that occupied much of the 20th century. They are now grouped as a set of concepts known as “plate tectonics.” We begin this chapter with an investigation of the history of this development, starting with ideas that preceded Wegener’s proposal. This is followed by a section that describes the reactions of different geologists to the idea of continental drift, including some comments that demonstrate the rancorous nature of the debate. The next section discusses developments between Wegener’s proposal and 1960, when Harry Hess suggested that the history of modern ocean basins is consistent with the concept of drifting continents. We finish the chapter with a brief description of seafloor spreading and leave a survey of plate tectonics to chapter 2. Although Wegener is credited with first proposing continental drift, some tenuous suggestions had already been made. We summarize some of this early history from LeGrand (1988).

Download Full-text

Joseph Delboeuf on time as the mechanism of free will

Theory & Psychology ◽

10.1177/09593543211023143 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095935432110231

Author(s):

André R. LeBlanc

Keyword(s):

Energy Conservation ◽

Free Will ◽

Early History ◽

Conservation Of Energy ◽

First Law Of Thermodynamics ◽

Before And After ◽

Recent Developments ◽

History Of ◽

The Law ◽

Two Bodies

In the early 1880s, Joseph Delboeuf proposed a little-known but ingenious solution to the problem the law of the conservation of energy poses for free will. When energy is transferred between two bodies, the law of energy conservation requires that the energy before and after the transfer be the same, but it says nothing of the time it must take. If we could delay this transfer, Delboeuf proposed, we could alter the course of matter without compromising the conservation of energy. This article begins by tracing the early history of the conflict between free will and the first law of thermodynamics and by recounting some initial attempts to resolve it. It next describes Delboeuf’s theory and the arguments that were made against it, before situating it with respect to some recent developments in the philosophy and psychology of free will.

Download Full-text

Islamisasi Tanah Jawa Abad ke-13 M dalam Kitab Musarar Karya Syaikh Subakir

SULUK: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya ◽

10.15642/suluk.2019.1.1.37-43 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 37-43

Author(s):

Siti Rumilah ◽

Indah Wulandari ◽

Ainiyah Syafitri ◽

Dina Maulidia ◽

Hilmi Musyafa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Research ◽

Research Method ◽

Early History ◽

13Th Century ◽

Qualitative Research Method ◽

The World ◽

Before And After ◽

History Of

Kitab Musarar is one of the famous works of Syaikh Subakir described the condition of Java both before and after the arrival of Syaikh Subakir in the 13th century in Java on the mission of Islamization. This study uses a qualitative research method based on the Kitab Musarar which has been rewritten in an old spelling Indonesian translation printed book titled Kitab Musarar Syaikh Subakir-Asal Muasal Tanah Jawa karya Sukri (2011) and the book of Melacak Jejak Syaikh Subakir: Riwayat Penumbalan Tanah Jawa dan Walisanga Generasi Pertama written by Romadhon (2017). The results of this study are: (1) The existence of the early history of the world until the entry of Islam in Java in the 13th century in the Kitab Musarar by Syaikh Subakir, (2) The existence of figures who played a role of rukyat in Java in the 13th century based on the Kitab Musarar by Syaikh Subakir, and (3) The story of sangsara era and Ratu Adil profil in the Kitab Musarar by Syaikh Subakir. Overall, it can be seen that there are traces of Javanese Islamization brought by Syaikh Subakir in the 13th century based on the Kitab Musarar.

Download Full-text

The Oxford Handbook of the Protestant Reformations

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646920.001.0001 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Keyword(s):

Capital Accumulation ◽

Early History ◽

Cutting Edge ◽

Global Perspective ◽

Reform Movements ◽

History Of Emotions ◽

The World ◽

Before And After ◽

History Of ◽

The Impact

The Oxford Handbook of the Protestant Reformations covers the “long Reformation” period from ca.1400 to 1750 in its European and global dimensions. Thirty-eight contributors offer cutting-edge research. This is the most comprehensive handbook of Protestant Reformations ever published to investigate the beliefs, practices, and institutions which followed medieval reform movements and Martin Luther’s Reformation in Germany. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provide a particular focus as the central time for the initial developments of faiths which began to be called “Protestant.” Contributors explore the Protestant Reformations in relation to the Catholic Renewal before and after Trent and repeatedly point to areas of convergence among Protestants and Catholics. The handbook highlights the significance of cultural—historical approaches and the history of emotions to understand confessional identities. It also thoroughly engages with revisions of Max Weber's influential arguments about the impact of Protestantism on attitudes toward work, capital accumulation, and rational lifestyles. The handbook emphasizes the importance of radical traditions, especially from a global perspective. Previous handbook literature omits global Protestantism, and the influential confessionalization paradigm was entirely European-based. The point of incorporating global dimensions is that it demonstrates the vitality of varied traditions, which confronted very different institutional milieux, could significantly challenge political and cultural ideas of mainstream European faiths, and in turn reshape European Protestantisms. The handbook thus aims to be an indispensable guide to reshaping future discussions in the field, to recover the early history of Protestantism as part of our account about a history of the world.

Download Full-text

Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100130018 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1076-1077

Author(s):

Robert M. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Electron Microscopy ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Early History ◽

Bulk Materials ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Reflected Light ◽

History Of ◽

Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

Download Full-text