Imposition of Restitution

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-100
Author(s):  
R. Barry Ruback
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Crime Victims ◽  
The State ◽  
Probation Officers ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
County Level ◽  
Offense Type ◽  
Sentencing Decisions ◽  
Prior Record ◽  
Relevant Factors

Chapter 4 describes seven multimethod studies that look at the imposition of restitution from the state, multi-county, and single-county perspectives and that examine both legally relevant factors (e.g., offense type, prior record) and demographic factors (race, age, gender) in judges’ decisions. Across studies, restitution was more likely to be imposed when damages could be easily estimated and proved (e.g., property crimes) and when the victim was a business. A statewide analysis of sentencing decisions indicated that a law mandating restitution significantly increased the imposition of restitution. A subsequent survey study of judges, prosecutors, and probation officers indicated general support for restitution, and an analysis of statewide county-level sentencing data indicated that contextual factors relating to crime victims were also related to the imposition of restitution. Comparisons of counties with and without specialized collection units suggested that specialized collections units were less effective at collecting economic sanctions.

Associations Between Dutch LGBT Hate Crime Experience, Well-Being, Trust in the Police and Future Hate Crime Reporting

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-182
Author(s):  
Allard R. Feddes ◽  
Kai J. Jonas
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Crime Victims ◽  
Crime Reporting ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Building Trust ◽  
Reporting Intentions

Abstract. LGBT-related hate crime is a conscious act of aggression against an LGBT citizen. The present research investigates associations between hate crime, psychological well-being, trust in the police and intentions to report future experiences of hate crime. A survey study was conducted among 391 LGBT respondents in the Netherlands. Sixteen percent experienced hate crime in the 12 months prior. Compared to non-victims, victims had significant lower psychological well-being, lower trust in the police and lower intentions to report future hate crime. Hate crime experience and lower psychological well-being were associated with lower reporting intentions through lower trust in the police. Helping hate crime victims cope with psychological distress in combination with building trust in the police could positively influence future reporting.

scholarly journals Assessing the Economic and Environmental Impacts of Alternative Renewable Portfolio Standards: Winners and Losers

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3319
Author(s):  
Jamal Mamkhezri ◽  
Leonard A. Malczynski ◽  
Janie M. Chermak
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Renewable Portfolio Standard ◽  
County Level ◽  
Renewable Portfolio Standards ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
The Impact

State-mandated renewable portfolio standards affect substantial portions of the total U.S. electricity supply. Renewable portfolio standards are environmentally motivated policies, yet they have the potential to greatly impact economy. There is not an agreement in the literature on the impact of renewable portfolio standards policies on regional economies, especially on job creation. By integrating various methodologies including econometrics, geographic information system, and input–output analysis into a unique system dynamics model, this paper estimates the economic and environmental impacts of various renewable portfolio standards scenarios in the state of New Mexico, located in Southwestern U.S. The state is endowed with traditional fossil fuel resources and substantial renewable energy potential. In this work we estimated and compared the economic and environmental tradeoffs at the county level under three renewable portfolio standards: New Mexico’s original standard of 20% renewables, the recently adopted 100% renewables standard, and a reduced renewable standard of 10%. The final one would be a return to a more traditional generation profile. We found that while the 20% standard has the highest market-based economic impact on the state as a whole, it is not significantly different from other scenarios. However, when environmental impacts are included, the 100% standard yields the highest value. In addition, while the state level economic impacts across the three scenarios are not significantly different, the county-level impacts are substantial. This is especially important for a state like New Mexico, which has a high reliance on energy for economic development. A higher renewable portfolio standard appears to be an economic tool to stimulate targeted areas’ economic growth. These results have policy implications.

Supporting Responsive Federal Drug Sentencing Through Education in the Workshop on Science-Informed Decision Making

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Hon. Nancy Gertner ◽  
Dr. Judith Edersheim ◽  
Dr. Robert Kinscherff ◽  
Cassandra Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Informed Decision ◽  
Probation Officers ◽  
Informed Decision Making ◽  
Sentencing Decisions ◽  
Federal Judiciary ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Federal Judges

On the federal level, judicial education in sentencing has been focused primarily on preparing judges to calculate and apply the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. But in an advisory guidelines context, making individualized assessments in drug cases requires education in the science of addictions, the drivers of behavior, and the prospects for behavior change when substances are involved. Neuroscience and the sciences of human behavior provide clarifying insight into substance-driven behaviors and cognitions that are routinely encountered in federal drug cases. These disciplines support individualized sentencing by shedding new light on the nature of inhibitory control, the reasonable expectations for relapse, and the distinctions that can be drawn based on science between different treatment interventions. In this Article, we report on the Workshop on Science-Informed Decision Making, an education initiative in the federal judiciary. Since 2016, it has provided education in neuroscience and behavioral science, as well as skills training in individualizing sentences using insights from that science, to U.S. district judges, magistrate judges, and pretrial services and probation officers in thirty-two federal districts. We describe the case-study-based instructional approach of the workshop, including some of the misconceptions about addiction behavior it addresses, and explain why we believe that this kind of education helps federal judges, and pretrial services and probation officers, craft more responsive sentencing decisions and recommendations.

Factors Associated with HPV Vaccination Uptake and HPV-Associated Cancers: A County-Level Analysis in the State of Alabama

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1214-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Macy Vickers ◽  
Chelsea L. Green ◽  
Hee Yun Lee ◽  
Jennifer Y. Pierce ◽  
Casey L. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
The State ◽  
County Level ◽  
Vaccination Uptake ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Level Analysis

scholarly journals Reforming the Compensation Model to Victims of Crime in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 08005
Author(s):  
Hanafi Amrani
Keyword(s):  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Crime Victims ◽  
The State ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Compensation Model ◽  
State Compensation ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
The Ideal

Indonesia has an obligation to place the protection of human rights against all its citizens, as well as in ensuring compensation for certain victims of crime. Ironically, the conceptual issues such as the inclusion of compensation on the existence of criminals who provide restitution, the unclear technical implementation in the normative legitimacy, as well as the financial problems of the state for compensation show that the compensation for crime victims in Indonesia is still problematic. This study focuses on the ideal idea of reforming the model, form and mechanism for providing compensation to victims of crime in Indonesia. This research uses normative research with secondary data. The approach taken include philosophical, legislation and conceptual, and analyzed descriptively qualitative through literature study. The results of research are; first, the state compensation of crime victims conceptually, juridically and practically has not been able to show the effectiveness of providing compensation for victims of crime; second, reconceptualizing the compensation model through an extra-judicial path, with a material and non-material compensation shape, and using a mechanism that focuses on the involvement of all parties as the concept of restorative justice is an alternative solution to compensation for crime victims in the future.

Ants of North Carolina: an updated list (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3552 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
BENOIT GUÉNARD ◽  
KATHERINE A. MCCAFFREY ◽  
ANDREA LUCKY ◽  
ROB R. DUNN
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The State ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
County Level ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Museum Collection ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Species Lists ◽  
First Time

We document the distribution of ants present in North Carolina. We revisit the list of North Carolina ants for the first time since 1962, based on literature records, museum collection and new sampling events across the state. Our results show 53 new species records, including 16 exotic and 4 undescribed species, for a total of 192 species found in North Carolina. Based on our current knowledge, North Carolina possesses the highest species diversity of native ants of any state or territory in eastern North America. Here, we discuss some of the biogeographical explanations for this remarkable diversity. In addition to presenting county-level species distributions in North Carolina, we also offer brief comparisons to species lists for surrounding states. By highlighting species expected to occur in North Carolina, but not yet recorded in the state, we hope to encourage new discoveries and increase the general knowledge of the ant fauna of North Carolina.

scholarly journals Predictors of Death Rate during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Feinhandler ◽  
Benjamin Cilento ◽  
Brad Beauvais ◽  
Jordan Harrop ◽  
Lawrence Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
State Level ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
County Level ◽  
Political Factor ◽  
Death Rates

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a potentially fatal viral infection. This study investigates geography, demography, socioeconomics, health conditions, hospital characteristics, and politics as potential explanatory variables for death rates at the state and county levels. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Census Bureau, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, Definitive Healthcare, and USAfacts.org were used to evaluate regression models. Yearly pneumonia and flu death rates (state level, 2014–2018) were evaluated as a function of the governors’ political party using a repeated measures analysis. At the state and county level, spatial regression models were evaluated. At the county level, we discovered a statistically significant model that included geography, population density, racial and ethnic status, three health status variables along with a political factor. A state level analysis identified health status, minority status, and the interaction between governors’ parties and health status as important variables. The political factor, however, did not appear in a subsequent analysis of 2014–2018 pneumonia and flu death rates. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 has a greater and disproportionate effect within racial and ethnic minority groups, and the political influence on the reporting of COVID-19 mortality was statistically relevant at the county level and as an interaction term only at the state level.

The right to an audience at court: Realities, risks and challenges. A qualitative study from the perspective of practitioners working in a Community Rehabilitation Company

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Woolford ◽  
Peter Salami
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Probation Officers ◽  
Sentencing Decisions ◽  
Mandatory Training ◽  
Community Rehabilitation ◽  
New Public ◽  
Probation Service ◽  
The Right ◽  
Privately Owned

A fundamental role of the probation service is to provide advice and information to courts assisting in determining the most appropriate sentencing decisions. Historically, all probation officers as part of their mandatory training had experience in a court setting. Under the government’s Transforming Rehabilitation (TR) reforms, probation services were divided into 21 new privately-owned Community Rehabilitation Companies (CRCs) and a new public National Probation Service (NPS). This resulted in the NPS assuming the right to an audience at court by statute and the withdrawal of a right to an audience at court for CRCs. This qualitative study conducted during the summer of 2017 seeks to gain an insight into the views of CRC practitioners on contemporary court practice, specifically exploring their views on not having a professional role to provide advice and information on their caseload in court. The interviews identified four themes, reflecting both barriers to, and facilitators of, the withdrawal of the right to an audience at court by the CRC. These themes illustrated that the initial developments in the courts post-TR did not give the opportunity for active CRC involvement, resulting in increased scrutiny and criticism of their practice.

What's the matter by Kansas? Legislative debates over stem cell research in Kansas and Massachusetts

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie Stabile
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Research ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Therapeutic Cloning ◽  
Policy Entrepreneurs ◽  
The Future ◽  
Restrictive Legislation

This paper examines the contextual factors shaping legislative debates affecting stem cell research in two states, Kansas and Massachusetts, which both permit therapeutic cloning for stem cell research but markedly vary in their legislative approach to the issue. In Kansas, restrictive legislation was proposed but effectively blocked by research proponents, while in Massachusetts permissive legislation was successfully implemented under the auspices of an act to promote stem cell research. The importance of university and industry involvement is highlighted in each case, as are the roles of enterprising and persistent policy entrepreneurs. Providing a close examination of the policy process attending the cloning debate in these states is intended to contribute to an enhanced understanding of the cloning-policy process as it has played out at the state level, with an eye toward informing legislative debates over related biotechnical advances in the future.

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