Natural Liabilities

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Collier
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
The World ◽  
Staple Foods ◽  
Intense Heat ◽  
Growing Population

Factories produce the goods that we want. They also spew out smoke. The smoky factory is, in fact, the classic image used by economists to illustrate the idea of an externality. The factory sells the goods but does not have to pay for the smoke. We now know that smoke is more damaging than previously appreciated. There is nothing more natural than carbon dioxide; it is one of the basic ingredients of life. Yet carbon has become a natural liability. It accumulates up in the atmosphere, trapping in heat. Of course carbon only becomes a problem when it passes the threshold at which it is excessive. We have passed that threshold. As the extra carbon traps in heat, the world heats up, and as it heats up the climate becomes more volatile. The consequences are wide-ranging, but Africa will be the region most severely affected. Africa is huge and climate change will not affect it uniformly, but it seems likely that the drier parts will become drier still, making staple foods unviable. Increased climate variation, which means droughts, floods, and bouts of intense heat, can wreak havoc with traditional cultivation. Agriculture, which is currently Africa’s main economic activity, will become less productive. A rapidly growing population will be scratching a living from a progressively less amenable natural environment. Carbon brings together the key themes of this book. Although it is natural, extra carbon is now a liability; there is nothing intrinsically benign about nature. It is emitted not just by industry but by a number of natural processes. For example, probably the most natural of all human economic activities is rearing cattle. Pastoralists have been ranging the wilderness for millennia. Unfortunately, in terms of global warming, they are more of a menace than nuclear power stations, which produce energy without emitting carbon. That is because cows fart. Being renewable, carbon shares much of the economics of fish and trees, except that instead of being a renewable natural asset it is a renewable natural liability. The damage it does depends not upon how much is emitted today, but on how much has been emitted cumulatively over recent decades.

scholarly journals Climate-change feedback on economic growth: explorations with a dynamic general equilibrium model

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIO EBOLI ◽  
RAMIRO PARRADO ◽  
ROBERTO ROSON
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The World ◽  
Emissions Intensity

ABSTRACTHuman-generated greenhouse gases depend on the level and emissions intensity of economic activities. Therefore, most climate-change studies are based on the models and scenarios of economic growth. Economic growth itself, however, is likely to be affected by climate-change impacts. These impacts affect the economy in multiple and complex ways: changes in productivity, resource endowments, production and consumption patterns. We use a new dynamic, multi-regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the world economy to answer the following questions: Will climate-change impacts significantly affect growth and wealth distribution in the world? Should forecasts of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions be revised, once the climate-change impacts are taken into account? We found that, even though economic growth and emission paths do not change significantly at the global level, relevant differences exist at the regional and sectoral level. In particular, developing countries appear to suffer the most from the climate-change impacts.

scholarly journals CLIMATE CHANGE AND COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS: ARE THEY CORRELATED?

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 067
Author(s):  
Achmad Romsan ◽  
Farida Ali ◽  
Akhmad Idris ◽  
Adrian Nugraha ◽  
Nurhidayatuloh Nurhidayatuloh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Management ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Environmental Disputes ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

Climate change and global warming affect major change in freshwater availability and season uncertainty which hamper all part of the globe. Although the phenomenon is not new but it needs concerns from all the government of States around the world to  address the problem. If notthe drought and water shortages will directly and indirectly be the world problem and finally will ignite conflict over resources.Pollution and environmental degradation will also affect the sustainability of community’s economic activities. In Indonesia, since the enforcement of the first Environmental Management Act of 1982 up to the third Environmental Management Act of 2019, there have been forty one conflicts involving community and industries and palm plantation companies. All the conflicts are brought before the courts. Herein, industries and plantations are blamed for responsible for river water pollution and environmental degradation. Unfortunately, there is very little information in Indonesia obtained from the research reports, journals, news papers, magazines whether climate change and global warming also responsible for the occurrence of community environmental conflict. From the second data sources obtained from outsite Indonesia it is found that there is a link between climate change and community environmental disputes. The objectives of this paper tryto examine whether the cases submitted and solved by the District Courtsalso have some connection with the climate change phenomenon. Other objectives are to recommend to the Government of Indonesia to strengthen the existing regulations dealing with the climate change

scholarly journals Adapting of Economic Development to Climate Change

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Sandra Zajmi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Life On Earth

Climate change is the most complex challenge that humankind has had to face in recent times. With each successive generation, redressing the imbalance will be more difficult. Diverse and complex requirements of maintaining life on Earth, collectively called the environment, can be caused both by natural, geophysical factors, and anthropogenic or social factors. There is a lot of evidence that the economic activity of mankind is a major anthropogenic factor in current turmoil of the environment on Earth. Since the middle of the nineteenth century, the anthropogenic impacts on the environment are becoming increasingly important, and undoubtedly dominate. Of all forms of economic activity the greatest impact have the activities related to energy production and use in various sectors. The link between environmental conditions and economic activities has become the subject of separate scientific disciplines that are dynamically developing in the second half of the twentieth century.Economic growth of the economies, especially of developed countries, in seventies and eighties of the twentieth century, drew attention to the growing international economic, political and ecological interdependence, particulary in terms of its ecological outcome. The future economic growth of all countries on the planet thus becoming a global problem.In this context, more attention must be paid to the relationship between population, resources, and environmental outcomes on one side, and long-term sustainable economic development on the other side. In the recent time there have been noticeable the increasing number of problems that are becoming global: economic, social and energy problems, and contain ecological basis. Human decisions and acivities are dependent on ethics and view of the world, and this view depends on the culture, tradition, achieved level of development and so on.Therefore, it is necessary to adjust economic development to climate change, where a great importance plays a cooperation between the public and private sector. 

High Cycle Thermal Fatigue in French PWR

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Blondet ◽  
Claude Faidy
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Fatigue ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Load History ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
High Cycle Thermal Fatigue ◽  
Coolant System ◽  
Reactor Pressure

Different fatigue-related incidents which occurred in the world on the auxiliary lines of the reactor coolant system (SIS, RHR, CVC) have led EDF to search solutions in order to avoid or to limit consequences of thermodynamic phenomenal (Farley-Tihange, free convection loop and stratification, independent thermal cycling). Studies are performed on mock-up and compared with instrumentation on nuclear power stations. At the present time, studies allow EDF to carry out pipe modifications and to prepare specifications and recommendations for next generation of nuclear power plants. In 1998, a new phenomenal appeared on RHR system in Civaux. A crack was discovered in an area where hot and cold fluids (temperature difference of 140°C) were mixed. Metallurgic studies concluded that this crack was caused by high cycle thermal fatigue. Since 1998, EDF is making an inventory of all mixing areas in French PWR on basis of criteria. For all identified areas, a method was developed to improve the first classifying and to keep back only potential damage pipes. Presently, studies are performing on the charging line nozzle connected to the reactor pressure vessel. In order to evaluate the load history, a mock-up has been developed and mechanical calculations are realised on this nozzle. The paper will make an overview of EDF conclusions on these different points: • dead legs and vortex in a no flow connected line; • stratification; • mixing tees with high ΔT.

scholarly journals Foreign Direct Investments and Attracting Policies to be Undertaken by the Government. The Case of Kosovo

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Demir Limaj
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
Comparative Statistical Analysis ◽  
The Government

This paper focuses on foreign direct investments in Kosovo, based on a comparative statistical analysis of different sectors of economic activity and different countries of the world that have invested in Kosovo during the reporting period under study. We make use of the comparative analysis expressed in (%) by sorts of economic activity and aim to conclude which sector is more invested by foreign direct investment in Kosovo according to its economic activity. Whereas, through comparative analysis by different countries of the world that have invested in Kosovo, we aim to determine which are the countries that have mostly invested in foreign direct investment in Kosovo, and the level of performance of foreign direct investments during the reported period under study. The data were provided by the Central Bank of Kosovo for the period 2007-2019. In this paper we reflect the performance of foreign direct investments by years based on different sectors of economic activities and by different countries that have invested in Kosovo by applying the comparative analysis. It is of particular importance here to mention some of the options we suggest regarding to some of the government policies that should be undertaken in attracting and increasing foreign direct investments in Kosovo.   Received: 7 August 2020 / Accepted: 17 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021

Strategies for Critical Sector Development Post-Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 542-562
Author(s):  
Mukesh Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
Sectoral Development ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Day To Day Operations

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in the world in the month of Dec. 2019 in China and rapidly spread all over the world. The major issue with the disease is that it spread just by coming into contact with the infected person or infected object, and therefore, it is very difficult to operate day-to-day operations, jobs, and various economic activities in a country. The most damaging impact of this pandemic is that it has disturbed various economic activities all over the world. Many people lost their jobs, many businesses shut down, and many services stopped. Now the point is how to operate these various activities in more strategic ways so that negative impacts of the same can be minimized. Every economic activity has its own parameters and system of operations, and therefore, every activity has to be dealt with in a unique way. This chapter discusses post-pandemic strategies for critical sectoral development to resume their development. The required data for the present study was collected from both primary and secondary sources.

The German Nuclear Phase-Out Plan and its Impact

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 1621-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li Zhang ◽  
Chun Lei Gu ◽  
Yong Jian Ding
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
The World ◽  
Nuclear Phase ◽  
Phase Out ◽  
Political Economic

Germany announced on 30 May 2011 that it will shut down all of its 17 nuclear power stations by 2022 (8 of them immediately, the others step by step), which makes Germany become the first developed country in the world that totally give up the nuclear power and fulfill the change of energy structure after the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan. The paper analyses the political, economic, social and technical aspects of this decision and its consequences for Germany and its possible impact worldwide.

scholarly journals Seasonal Climate Prediction and Adaptation Using Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Agriculture Systems in Southern Africa: A Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obert Jiri ◽  
Paramu L. Mafongoya ◽  
Chipo Mubaya ◽  
Owen Mafongoya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Rural Farmers ◽  
The World

<p>Erratic rainfall and increasing temperature is rapidly emerging as one of the most serious global problems affecting many sectors in the world. It is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development with adverse impact on environment, human health, food security, economic activities, natural resources and physical infrastructure. Southern Africa is one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change in the world, particularly because of widespread poverty, recurrent droughts, inequitable land distribution, over-dependence on rain-fed agriculture and low adaptive capacity. Yet rural farmers in southern Africa have managed to survive the vagaries of climate change over the years. This review reveals that these rural farmers can use indigenous knowledge to cope and adapt to climate change. Availability and access to scientific weather information to make cropping and other decisions at the local level remain key issues to usage of climatic data by rural farmers. On the other hand, indigenous knowledge is what rural farmers have been using but is also becoming unreliable due to climate change and variability. Integration of indigenous knowledge and scientific seasonal forecast seems to be a key possible thrust to reduce vulnerability, enhance resilience of rural farmers and increase their adaptive capacity.</p>

scholarly journals Nuclear Power Risk Perception in Serbia: Fear of Exposure to Radiation vs. Social Benefits

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2464
Author(s):  
Vladimir M. Cvetković ◽  
Adem Öcal ◽  
Yuliya Lyamzina ◽  
Eric K. Noji ◽  
Neda Nikolić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Square ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
The World

Nuclear power remains one of the most accessible choices in addressing environmental and social concerns due to the continuously increasing energy needs around the world. While it remains an excellent source of energy due to its low price and low level of emissions, potential accidents remain a serious problem. An example of such is the most recent accident in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (2011), which reminded the world of the potential risks of nuclear energy and the consequences of which continue to have a lasting effect. There is no nuclear power plant in Serbia, but there are about 15 nuclear power stations scattered within its neighboring countries. Therefore, the Serbian Government decided to study how the Serbian public perceives the risks related to the potential construction of nuclear power stations in the country, nuclear energy in general, and its possible benefits and risks. The objective of this paper is to present the results of this assessment along with a literature overview on the (environmental) risk of nuclear power. A pilot study consisted of a series of 270 randomized face-to-face interviews that took place in the public square of Belgrade in March 2019. Logistic regression was used to examine the cumulative effects of the different risk factors. The results showed that the majority of the respondents are skeptical and do not support the construction of nuclear power stations in Serbia. Furthermore, this research identified several additional important correlations that have a significant impact on the public perception of risk.

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