The Culturally Situated Process of Personality Judgment

2017 ◽  
pp. 489-501
Author(s):  
Yu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Lay Theory ◽  
Personality Judgment ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Personality Process ◽  
Trait Judgment

Personality psychology has made tremendous progress in demonstrating important outcomes of personality traits. Yet the process by which people make personality judgment needs to be better understood. In this chapter, it is argued that to provide personality judgment, people must rely on a reference group of the target, a lay theory of the trait, or both. Importantly, the specific reference group and lay theory that people naturally choose are situated in their immediate cultural milieu, affecting trait judgment in systematic ways. Moreover, the relative impact of reference groups and lay theories on personality judgment can change under different circumstances. Postulates concerning the nature of these circumstances, consideration of how traits are inferred, and possible routes to better compare cultural groups on traits can also stimulate new understanding of the personality process.

Social Comparison and Informal Group Influence

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Moschis
Keyword(s):  
Social Comparison ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Group Influence ◽  
Informal Group ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Insight Into

Little is known about the basis on which an individual selects and is influenced by specific reference groups. An attempt is made to explain consumer susceptibility to informal group influence by Festinger's theory of social comparison. The results of the study support hypotheses derived from the theory and offer insight into the determination of reference group influence. Marketing implications of this theory are discussed.

scholarly journals Compared to whom? Reference groups in socio-economic comparisons and self-reported health

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gugushvili ◽  
E Jarosz ◽  
M McKee
Keyword(s):  
Economic Transition ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Communist Countries ◽  
Regression Adjustment

Abstract Background The association between socio-economic position and health is believed to be mediated, in part, by psycho-social comparison of one’s situation to that of others. But with who? Possibilities include family, friends, elites, or even those in other countries or in previous times. So far, there has been almost no research on whether the reference point matters. Methods We take advantage of a comparative data set that, uniquely, allows us to ask this question. The Life in Transition Survey was conducted in four Southern European and 30 Central and Eastern European and Eurasian countries. We sought differences in the probability of good self-reported health among those using different reference groups, including own family, friends and neighbours, domestic elites, people living in other countries and, those living prior to the major politico-economic transition. We used multivariable and multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regressions and estimated treatment effects via the regression adjustment of Poisson models. Results In most cases the choice of reference group did not matter but in some it did. Among men in Eastern European and Eurasian societies, those who compared themselves to their parents and their own families before the start of transition were less likely to report good health compared to those who did not compare their own economic situation with any specific reference group. Conclusions For some individuals, the choice of who to compare one’s situation with does seem to matter, pointing to an area for future investigation in research on psycho-social determinants of health. Key messages We found no difference in self-reported health between those who compare their situation with friends and neighbours, domestic elites, and people living in other countries. In post-communist countries, those who compared their situation to that of their parents and their own situation before the politico-economic transition were less likely to report good health.

scholarly journals Compared with whom? Reference groups in socio-economic comparisons and self-reported health in 34 countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 1710-1720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexi Gugushvili ◽  
Ewa Jarosz ◽  
Martin McKee
Keyword(s):  
Economic Transition ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Poisson Models ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Regression Adjustment

Abstract Background The association between socio-economic position and health is believed to be mediated, in part, by psycho-social comparison of one’s situation with that of others. But with whom? Possibilities include family, friends, elites, or even those in other countries or in previous times. So far, there has been almost no research on whether the reference point matters. Methods We take advantage of a comparative data set that, uniquely, allows us to ask this question. The Life in Transition Survey was conducted in four Southern European and 30 Central and Eastern European and Eurasian countries. We sought differences in the probability of good self-reported health among those using different reference groups, including own family, friends and neighbours, domestic elites, people living in other countries and those living prior to a major politico-economic transition. We used multivariable and multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regressions and estimated treatment effects via the regression adjustment of Poisson models. Results In most cases the choice of reference group did not matter but in some it did. Among men in Eastern European and Eurasian societies, those who compared themselves with their parents and their own families before the start of transition were less likely to report good health compared with those who did not compare their own economic situation with any specific reference group. Conclusions For some individuals, the choice of who to compare one’s situation with does seem to matter, pointing to an area for future investigation in research on psycho-social determinants of health.

Self-Estimates of Intelligence: Interaction Effects of the Comparison to a Specific Reference Group and Neuroticism

2012 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bipp ◽  
A. Kleingeld
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
University Students ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
General Reference ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Practical Implications

An experiment that investigated the interaction effect of Neuroticism and the comparison to different reference groups on self-estimates of intelligence is reported. University students (100 men, 15 women) were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and asked to rate their own intelligence on a one-item measure, in IQ points, having been provided with reference values for either the general population or a student sample. Analysis of data confirmed that the accuracy of self-estimates of intelligence was influenced by the variation of the instruction. Participants provided more accurate estimations when confronted with comparison information about fellow students than about the general population. Persons scoring high on Neuroticism estimated their intelligence lower, but only when their estimation was based on a general reference group. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.

scholarly journals Market Choices Driven by Reference Groups: A Comparison of Analytical and Simulation Results on Random Networks

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1007
Author(s):  
Michał Ramsza
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Qualitative Behavior ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Group Influence ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
High Connectivity ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Two Equilibria

The present paper reports simulation results for a simple model of reference group influence on market choices, e.g., brand selection. The model was simulated on three types of random graphs, Erdos–Renyi, Barabasi–Albert, and Watts–Strogatz. The estimates of equilibria based on the simulation results were compared to the equilibria of the theoretical model. It was verified that the simulations exhibited the same qualitative behavior as the theoretical model, and for graphs with high connectivity and low clustering, the quantitative predictions offered a viable approximation. These results allowed extending the results from the simple theoretical model to networks. Thus, by increasing the positive response towards the reference group, the third party may create a bistable situation with two equilibria at which respective brands dominate the market. This task is easier for large reference groups.

Real Estate Marketing and Factors Impacting Real Estate Purchasing

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-35
Author(s):  
Mustafa Likos ◽  
Mahir Nakip ◽  
Aytaç Gökmen
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Structural Factor ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Purchasing Behavior ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Real Estate Marketing

The purpose of the study is to introduce factors impact on purchasing behavior in real estate marketing. The seven factors analyzed—location, structural factor, neighborhood, social factor, reference group, financial, advertising—have a direct effect on real estate purchasing behavior. A questionnaire prepared for this purpose was applied to 235 randomly selected people and the collected data were analyzed by variance analysis method. According to the results of the statistical analysis, factors such as location, structural factor, social factor, neighborhood, financial, advertising factor influence the purchasing behavior of the real estate, and it is observed that the reference groups do not affect the purchasing behavior.

Distribution of HOMA-IR in a population-based cohort and proposal for reference intervals

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bassel Matli ◽  
Andreas Schulz ◽  
Thomas Koeck ◽  
Tanja Falter ◽  
Johannes Lotz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Objectives Insulin resistance (IR) is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) provides an estimate for IR from fasting glucose and insulin serum concentrations. The aim of this study was to obtain a reference interval for HOMA-IR for a specific insulin immunoassay. Methods The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based, prospective, single-center cohort study in Germany with 15,030 participants aged 35–74 years. Fasting glucose, insulin, and C-peptide were available in 10,340 participants. HOMA-IR was calculated in this group and three reference subgroups with increasingly more stringent inclusion criteria. Age- and sex-dependent distributions of HOMA-IR and reference intervals were obtained. In a substudy three insulin assays were compared and HOMA-IR estimated for each assay. Results Among the 10,340 participants analyzed there were 6,590 non-diabetic, 2,901 prediabetic, and 849 diabetic individuals. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) HOMA-IR was 1.54 (1.13/2.19), 2.00 (1.39/2.99), and 4.00 (2.52/6.51), respectively. The most stringently selected reference group consisted of 1,065 persons. Median (IQR) HOMA-IR was 1.09 (0.85/1.42) with no significant difference between men and women. The 97.5th percentile was 2.35. There was a non-significant trend towards higher values with older age. Comparison of three immunoassays for insulin showed an unsatisfactory correlation among the assays and systematic differences in calculated HOMA-IR. Conclusions We present HOMA-IR reference intervals for adults derived by more or less stringent selection criteria for the reference cohort. In addition we show that assay specific reference intervals for HOMA-IR are required.

Reference Groups as Anchors in Judgments of other Groups: A Biasing Factor in “Rating Tasks”?

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Effect ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Assimilation Effect ◽  
Social Judgment Theory ◽  
Male Undergraduate ◽  
Campus Organizations ◽  
The Prestige

A phenomenon which might bias rating tasks (the reference group as an anchor phenomenon) was explored by having 144 male undergraduate members of Greek, eating club, and independent organizations, and students belonging to none of these organizations rank 28 campus organizations in terms of relative prestige. In general, members of groups consistently overestimated the prestige of their own (assimilation effect), under-estimated the prestige of organizations dissimilar to their own (contrast effect), and had more pronounced assimilation and contrast effects than did subjects not belonging to the rated organizations. Moreover, members of groups placed a greater number of organizations dissimilar to their own into objectionable categories. These results suggest that it might be extremely difficult for highly ego-involved persons to maintain an appropriate judgmental set in such tasks when the ratings are made on the basis of the quality, prestige, and other such ill-defined criteria. Over-all, the results strongly supported predictions made from social judgment theory.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Religiusitas dan Kelompok Referensi Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Sarah Fitria Sarah ◽  
Yessy Artanti
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
Scale Data

<p>In recent years the growing fashion trend in Indonesia is a muslim fashion trend. The current trend of muslim clothing in Indonesia such as Rabbani muslim clothing that is in accordance with the teachings of Islamic religion is polite, closed and designed with materials that are not thin or dreamy. This study aims to analyze and discuss the effect of Religiosity and Reference Groups on Purchasing Decisions. This study uses a nonprobability sampling method with judgmental sampling method. The number of samples in this study were 220 respondents were selected were respondents who had bought Muslim clothing Rabbani and aged 17-60 years. The measurement scale uses a likert scale. Data analysis uses multiple linear regression analysis tools. Distribution questionnaires are done offline. The results of this study indicate that Religiosity does not significantly influence Purchasing Decisions. The results also showed that the Reference Group had a significant effect on Purchasing Decisions.</p><em></em><em></em>

scholarly journals A Worthy Reception? Ambivalences in Social Work With Refugees and Migrants in Sweden

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 983-1004
Author(s):  
Kristina Gustafsson ◽  
Jesper Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Reference Groups ◽  
Migration Policies ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Existential Needs ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnographic Methodology ◽  
To Receive

The purpose of this article is to analyze how reception practices and the meaning of a “worthy” reception of refugees and migrants are negotiated in encounters between various receiving actors in times of shifting Swedish migration policies. The analysis is grounded in ethnographic methodology and draws on data collected in 2016. The aim of the study was to document experiences of the so-called “refugee crisis” in Europe and Scandinavia from a bottom-up perspective among professionals and volunteers narrated during reference group meetings. The reference groups consisted of representatives from state and municipal agencies, the private sector, and civil society organizations. The actors represented in the mixed reference groups were diverse, but all were involved in reception activities. In the analysis we have combined political philosophy about willingness versus ability to receive refugees and migrants with postcolonial theoretical perspectives on concurrent claims and voices. We identified three themes that are central in the negotiation of the practice and meaning of a “worthy reception”: first, the overlooked existential needs of refugees and migrants; second, the lack of gender- and diversity-sensitive reception practices; and third, ambivalences in relation to various refugees groups in times of shifting migration policies. We recommend that in order to promote a worthy reception of refugees and migrants, existential needs must be taken care of and gender- and diversity-sensitive practices must be developed. Another recommendation is to recognize how migration policy limits a society’s ability to receive refugees and migrants, but also affects the willingness among those actors who receive.

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