Chloropicrin as a Soil Fumigation Treatment in Southern Pine Nurseries

Abstract Because of concerns over the ozone layer, the annual amount of methyl bromide used for soil fumigation for crop production is decreasing. A promising alternative soil fumigation treatment involves applying 300 lb/ac of chloropicrin (CCl3NO2) under a plastic tarp. Although this soil fumigant does not control weeds as well as an equivalent amount of methyl bromide, chloropicrin is an effective strategy for controlling many soilborne pests. The total amount of chloropicrin used for fumigation in southern pine nurseries will likely increase as use of methyl bromide fumigation declines.

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Control of Damping-off of Tobacco in Seedbeds by the Use of Gaseous Soil Fumigants

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v40i1.12661 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 62-66

Author(s):

R. H. Segall ◽

L. López-Matos

Keyword(s):

Puerto Rico ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Soil Fumigation ◽

Damping Off ◽

Soil Fumigant ◽

Fungicide Application ◽

Hand Weeding ◽

Soil Fumigants ◽

Critical Timing

The gaseous soil fumigants, methyl bromide and chloropicrin aerosol, have the following advantages for tobacco seedbeds: 1. They are more effective in the control of damping-off in Puerto Rico than fungicides previously recommended. 2. Their herbicidal properties eliminate the need for handweeding, an expensive and time-consuming operation. 3. Only one application is needed, and this is made before seeding the tobacco, thus eliminating the critical timing required for fungicide application. The emergence of seedlings was higher in beds treated with the soil fumigant. This increased emergence probably occurred because pre-emergence damping-off was controlled, and no hand-weeding was necessary, so that no seedlings were destroyed in the process of hand-weeding. The expense of the soil-fumigation method is greater than that of the fungicide drench. In addition to the fumigant it is necessary to purchase an applicator and gasproof covers. However, the gaseous soil-fumigation treatment eliminates the need for hand-weeding and gives better control of damping-off. Therefore the soil-fumigation method could be economically feasible.

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Comparing Solarization Soil Treatment with Methyl-bromide Soil Fumigation on Strawberries

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.505b ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 505B-505

Author(s):

Royce S. Bringhurst ◽

Jose Godoy F

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Plant Size ◽

Soil Fumigation ◽

Soil Humidity ◽

Soil Fumigant ◽

Sexual Responses ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

Important Measurement

There is a great deal of interest in the possibility of developing suitable materials or procedures for use in strawberries and other crops in place of methylbromide as a soil fumigant. One such has been soil heating resulting from the bed application of transparent polyethylene. This requires high mid-summer soil temperatures with relatively high soil humidity. We present the results of a solarization experiment. Bed soil temperature were measured regularly at a depth of 12 cm through the 9 weeks of differential treatments. The soil temperature differences were highly significant, averaging ≈7°C higher than the non-solarized treatments. Weed control is one of the results of high interest. The number of weeds were counted twice. The number in the solar plots were not significantly different from the number counted for the methyl-bromide-fumigated plots. Vegetative vigor (asexual response) was also an important measurement. This was measured in two ways: first, the number of runners, and second, the measurement of plant size. The results were identical. The solarized plots and fumigated plots were identical in plant size and identical in runner production, and both were significantly different from the non-solarized and non-fumigated plots. Similar results were obtained for the sexual responses, yield, and fruit size. Solarization should be tested sufficiently in detail as a possible procedure to replace some methyl-bromide fumigation. The biggest problem may be difficulty getting the temperature high enough to be adequately effective.

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Alternatives to Methyl Bromide: A Florida Perspective

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-2005-1027-01-rv ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 19 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Erin N. Rosskopf ◽

Daniel O. Chellemi ◽

Nancy Kokalis-Burelle ◽

Gregory T. Church

Keyword(s):

Methyl Bromide ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Ozone Layer ◽

Montreal Protocol ◽

Current Status ◽

Atmospheric Ozone ◽

Soil Fumigant ◽

Soilborne Fungi ◽

Wide Range ◽

Phase Out

Methyl bromide is a soil fumigant used to control soilborne fungi, nematodes, and weeds in a wide range of agricultural, horticultural, and ornamental cropping systems. The Montreal Protocol of 1987 called for the phase-out of methyl bromide due to its ability to deplete atmospheric ozone, thus disrupting the UV protective ozone layer. This article reviews the current status of the on-going methyl bromide phase-out from the perspective of agriculture in Florida. Accepted for publication 27 September 2005. Published 27 October 2005.

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Interaction of Meloidogyne hapla and Verticillium dahliae, and the chemical control of wilt in strawberry

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9700493 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 10 (45) ◽

pp. 493 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

JW Meagher ◽

PT Jenkins

Keyword(s):

Broad Spectrum ◽

Verticillium Dahliae ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Chemical Control ◽

Soil Fumigation ◽

Meloidogyne Hapla ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Methyl Isothiocyanate ◽

Severity Of Disease ◽

Verticillium Dahliae Kleb

In a field experiment with strawberries, pre-plant treatments with broad-spectrum fumigants methyl bromide-chloropicrin (450 kg/ha) or methyl isothiocyanate-dichloropropene (500 l/ha) (and 300 l/ha) controlled wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb and resulted in increased yields. Soil fumigation with the nematicide ethylene dibromidz (105 l/ha) also improved yields. It controlled the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood), delayed the onset of wilt symptoms and reduced the severity of disease. This indicated a nematode-fungus interaction and is the first report of a Meloidogyne-Verticillium interaction in strawberry.

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Can Gridded Precipitation Data and Phenological Observations Reduce Basis Risk of Weather Index–Based Insurance?

Weather Climate and Society ◽

10.1175/wcas-d-16-0020.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 409-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Tobias Dalhaus ◽

Robert Finger

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Market Failure ◽

Weather Station ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Grid Data ◽

Weather Index ◽

Basis Risk ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Station Data ◽

Adverse Weather

Abstract Adverse weather events occurring at sensitive stages of plant growth can cause substantial yield losses in crop production. Agricultural insurance schemes can help farmers to protect their income against downside risks. While traditional indemnity-based insurance schemes need governmental support to overcome market failure caused by asymmetric information problems, weather index–based insurance (WII) products represent a promising alternative. In WII the payout depends on a weather index serving as a proxy for yield losses. However, the nonperfect correlation of yield losses and the underlying index, the so-called basis risk, constitutes a key challenge for these products. This study aims to contribute to the reduction of basis risk and thus to the addition of risk-reducing properties of WII. More specifically, the study tests whether grid data for precipitation (vs weather station data) and phenological observations (vs fixed time windows for index determination) that are provided by public institutions can reduce spatial and temporal basis risk and thus improve the performance of WII. An empirical example of wheat production in Germany is used. No differences were found between using gridded and weather station precipitation, whereas the use of phenological observations significantly increases expected utility. However, even if grid data do not yet reduce basis risk, they enable overcoming several disadvantages of using station data and are thus useful for WII applications. Based on the study’s findings and the availability of these data in other countries, a massive potential for improving WII can be concluded.

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Effect of ryegrass root residues, knockdown herbicides, and fungicides on the emergence of barley in sandy soils

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9870785 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 785 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

WM Blowes

Keyword(s):

Western Australia ◽

Methyl Bromide ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Sandy Soils ◽

Soil Fumigation ◽

Soil Drench ◽

Pot Experiments ◽

Seed Dressing ◽

Winter Crops ◽

Possible Cause

Poor seedling emergence of 30 000 ha of winter crops occurred in Western Australia in 1984 after herbicides were used to kill weeds prior to sowing. In pot experiments to determine the possible cause(s), the emergence of barley seedlings was reduced by the presence of both herbicide treated and untreated ryegrass root residues in the soil. Fumigation of the soil with methy1 bromide or the application of a fungicide soil drench restored seedling emergence in the presence of ryegrass root residues, but benomyl drench was less effective than methyl bromide fumigant or furalaxyl soil drench. The effects of the residue, fumigant and furalaxyl were consistent in the 3 soils used but soif type affected the severity of the problem. In the presence of ryegrass root residues, Pythim species colonised the large roots and subsurface hypocotyl of barley seedlings. Metalaxyl seed dressing reduced the colonisation of barley seedlings by Pythim species and restored seedling emergence.

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