scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Development and Severity of Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight of Corn, Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig B. Langemeier ◽  
Alison E. Robertson ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Tamra A. Jackson-Ziems ◽  
Greg R. Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Classification And Regression Tree ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp

Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight, which is caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, is a disease of corn (Zea mays) that has been increasingly reported across the Midwest since its reemergence in western Nebraska, northeastern Colorado, and southeastern Wyoming during the 2006 growing season. The objective of this study was to identify environmental and agronomic factors contributing to the incidence of the disease across the Corn Belt through a multistate survey conducted during the 2011 growing season. Of the 2,400 surveys distributed throughout nine states, 486 were returned with corn leaf samples, of which 70% tested positive for C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The agronomic data associated with each field were analyzed using classification and regression tree and random forest analyses to identify the factors that contributed most to Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight development. A χ2 test of independence was also done to determine relationships between certain variables and disease incidence. The two best predictors of Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight were hybrid resistance to Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight, as indicated by the seed companies’ score and a planting population density >67,500 plants ha−1. Other important predictors included longitude, planting date, crop rotation, percent residue, yield history, tillage, and growth stage. Relationships between glyphosate applications, foliar fungicide applications, and corn rootworm beetle with samples testing positive for C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis were also detected. These data contribute to our understanding of factors that increase the risk of Goss’s bacterial wilt and leaf blight, and should enable more effective management practices to be adopted or developed.

scholarly journals Wilt Pathogens of Solanaceae in Tanzania: Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pseudomonas corrugata, and Ralstonia solanacearum

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 1070-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Black ◽  
S. Seal ◽  
Z. Abubakar ◽  
R. Nono-Womdim ◽  
I. Swai
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Pseudomonas Corrugata ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Northern Highlands

Surveys of vegetables in the southern and northern growing regions of mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar during 1997 and 1998 indicated the presence of three wilt pathogens of tomato. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (cause of bacterial canker) was isolated from wilting plants in the southern highlands and Lushoto District (Tanga Region, north) on selective King's medium B with polymyxin B (1). The identity of the isolates was confirmed by cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics and a plate-trapped antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PTA-ELISA) kit (Pathoset 113-08, Adgen, Auchincruive, U.K.). Pathogenicity was confirmed by host inoculation. In addition, the bacterium was detected directly by the same methods in several sources of seed, including commercial farmers' saved seed and seed extracted from infected plants. Of 61 tomato seed lots tested, 18 samples were positive. Ralstonia solanacearum (cause of bacterial wilt) was isolated from tomato and potato by semiselective media and detected directly in stem and tuber tissues, respectively, by polymerase chain reaction and ELISA (4) in all vegetable-growing areas surveyed. In 1998, R. solanacearum was detected for the first time in Zanzibar on tomato and eggplant. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation on and reisolation from tomato seedlings of cv. Money Maker. Only biovar 3 (2) occurred in tomato. Biovar 3 also was found in midaltitude potato. Biovar 2 has been found only in potato plants grown above 1,500 m. Pseudomonas corrugata (cause of pith necrosis) was isolated from tomato on semiselective media at only one location. From wilted tomato plants in the southern highlands, 38% of samples tested positive for C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and ≈ 10% for R. solanacearum. Of samples collected from the northern highlands, 43% tested positive for R. solanacearum. Wilt incidence of ≈35% was observed in tomato fields where the bacterial wilt pathogen was isolated in the northern highlands compared with gt;90% incidence and almost total crop loss in tomato fields of the southern highlands infected with bacterial canker. Although all three pathogens caused systemic wilt of plants, bacterial canker occasionally caused downward turning of lower leaves, unilateral wilting, and marginal necrosis of leaflets as well as fruit spotting. In general, wilts caused by C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, R. solanacearum, and P. corrugata were not readily differentiated in Tanzania prior to this research. Plants with pith browning had often been assumed to be infected by P. corrugata, until R. solanacearum was isolated (3) frequently from such plants. References: (1) Anonymous. OEPP/EPPO Bull. 22:219, 1992. (2) A. C. Hayward. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 27:265, 1964. (3) J. B. Jones et al., eds. 1991. Compendium of Tomato Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (4) S. Seal and J. G. Elphinstone. Pages 35–57 in: Bacterial Wilt. The Disease and Its Causative Agent, Pseudomonas solanacearum. A. C. Hayward and G. L. Hartman, eds. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K. 1994.

scholarly journals Four Common Setaria Species are Alternative Hosts for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, Causal Agent of Goss's Bacterial Wilt and Blight of Corn

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig B. Langemeier ◽  
Tamra A. Jackson-Ziems ◽  
Greg R. Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
History Of

Goss's bacterial wilt and blight, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (Cmn), has reemerged as an important disease of Zea mays (corn) in the U.S. Midwest. Results from a 2011 multistate survey indicated that Setaria spp. (foxtail) were often present in corn fields with a history of Cmn. The objective of this research was to determine if Setaria spp. that are common in the Midwest are susceptible to infection by Cmn. In the greenhouse, seedlings of four Setaria spp., including S. viridis (green foxtail), S. faberi (giant foxtail), S. verticillata (bristly foxtail), and S. pumila (yellow foxtail), and Zea mays (Golden Cross Bantam sweet corn, GCB) were inoculated with a suspension of 1.0 × 107 bacteria cells. The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design and repeated once. Percent of symptomatic leaf area was visually estimated eight days after inoculation. S. faberi exhibited the highest levels of disease among the four Setaria spp., with disease incidence similar to what was observed on Z. mays. S. viridis was the next most susceptible. Symptoms were also observed on S. viridis, S. verticillata, and were lowest for S. pumila. Bacterial streaming was confirmed microscopically and Cmn was reisolated from the four Setaria species. Results indicate that these four Setaria spp. are susceptible to Cmn, thus serving as potential sources of inoculum. Accepted for publication 1 February 2014. Published 28 April 2014.

scholarly journals First Report of Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight on Corn Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis in Missouri

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 2158-2158 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Hosack ◽  
L. E. Sweets ◽  
G. L. Miller ◽  
M. J. Calcutt ◽  
B. E. Arenz
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
First Report ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp

scholarly journals Bacterial Ring Rot of Potatoes Caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in Lithuania

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 1119-1119
Author(s):  
L. Baranauskaite ◽  
M. Vasinauskiene
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Bacterial Ring Rot ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Ring Rot

Bacterial ring rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was observed for the first time in Lithuania from 1998 to 1999. The disease, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, is considered one of the most important bacterial diseases of potato. Nearly all countries that produce potatoes report the presence of the bacterium (1). C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus is listed as an A2 quarantine pathogen by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. The pathogen has a latent period that can last for several generations of potato production, thus increasing the risk for further dissemination of the disease. Plant wilting and tuber rotting, characteristic symptoms of the disease, were observed in various localities in Lithuania. The disease was found in 12 potato varieties. Disease incidence approached 5% in the field and 5 to 21% in storage. The presence of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in diseased as well as asymptomatic plant tissue was determined by immunofluorescence cell staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, respectively. More than 350 potato samples were tested. Twenty-five samples tested positive by these methods. Pathogenicity tests of 30 samples were conducted on eggplant. Characteristic symptoms were found on 21 plants. The bacteria were reisolated on nutrient dextrose agar medium from 12 inoculated eggplants. For confirmation of six suspicious strains, polymerase chain reaction with a specific Cms50 primer set was employed (2). In three cases, positive results were obtained. References: (1) I. M. Smith and L. M. F. Charles, eds. 1998. Distribution of Maps of Quarantine Pests for Europe. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K. (2) D. Mills et al. Phytopathology 87:853, 1997.

scholarly journals First Report of Goss's Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis) of Corn in Texas

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Korus ◽  
A. D. Timmerman ◽  
R. D. French-Monar ◽  
T. A. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Koch’S Postulates ◽  
First Report ◽  
Leaf Apex ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Dark Orange ◽  
Texas Panhandle ◽  
Koch's Postulates

In September 2009, the University of Nebraska–Lincoln Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic received leaf samples of hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) displaying long, necrotic lesions with wavy margins. The lesions had discontinuous water-soaked spots that are indicative of Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight. The symptomatic leaves were submitted from Dallam County, located in the Texas Panhandle (northwest Texas). According to the USDA Farm Service Agency and the National Agricultural Statistics Service, in 2009 Dallam County had 54,025 ha planted to corn. This is approximately 19% of the total corn planted in the 26 counties in the Texas Panhandle and 6% of the total corn planted in the state of Texas. Extracts from the infected leaf tissue tested positive for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis with a commercially available ELISA test (Neogen Inc., Scotland, UK). Isolation from the infected tissue onto CNS selective media (1) resulted in round, dark orange, mucoid colonies that tested gram positive with the Gram-stain test. BLAST nucleotide sequence alignments of the amplified 500-bp 16S rRNA region of the suspect culture's genome (2) revealed a 96% similarity for C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (NCBI BLAST Accession No. U09381.1). To fulfill Koch's postulates, three sweet corn plants (Golden Cross Bantam) at growth stage V3 to V4 were inoculated in the greenhouse with a suspension of approximately 1 × 109 CFU/ml from suspect cultures grown on CNS for 5 days. Wounds approximately 6.5 cm long were created with sterile scissors on the fifth leaf from the bottom running parallel to the veins on either side of the midrib at the leaf apex. The leaf apex was dipped into 150 ml of the inoculum suspension for 5 s. Approximately 6 days after inoculation, discontinuous, water-soaked spots consistent with the symptoms on the original symptomatic leaves appeared on all the inoculated leaves near the site of infection. Colonies consistent with C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (dark orange, mucoid) were reisolated onto CNS, completing Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Goss's bacterial wilt and leaf blight on corn in Texas and because it is a residue-borne pathogen, the probability of it becoming a resident disease is relatively high. References: (1) D. C. Gross and A. K. Vidaver. Phytopathology 69:82, 1979. (2) X. Li and S. H. De Boer. 1995. Phytopathology 85:837, 1995.

Characterization of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains from recent outbreaks of bacterial wilt and canker in Serbia

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Milijašević-Marčić ◽  
Karl-Heinz Gartemann ◽  
Jonas Frohwitter ◽  
Rudolf Eichenlaub ◽  
Biljana Todorović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Bacterial Wilt And Canker

scholarly journals A Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus Based on the Cellulase A Gene Sequence

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil C. Gudmestad ◽  
Ipsita Mallik ◽  
Julie S. Pasche ◽  
Nolan R. Anderson ◽  
Kasia Kinzer
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Certified Seed ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Ring Rot

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, causal agent of bacterial ring rot (BRR) of potato (Solanum tuberosum), is a globally important quarantine pathogen that is managed in North America using zero tolerance regulations in the certified seed industry. C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus is well documented to cause symptomless infections in potato, contributing to its persistence in certified seed stocks. Reliable laboratory methods to detect symptomless infections with a high degree of sensitivity could assist in the reduction of inoculum in certified seed potato stocks. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed using the cellulase A (CelA) gene sequence as the basis for primer design. CelA primers were specific to C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus grown in vitro and did not detect any other coryneform bacteria or potato pathogenic bacteria but did detect 69 strains of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus. The CelA real-time PCR assay was more sensitive than immunofluorescence (IFA) and Cms50/72a PCR assays in detecting C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in infected potato tuber cores blended with healthy tuber cores in simulated seed lot contamination experiments. CelA primers detected nonmucoid and mucoid strains with equivalent sensitivity. In naturally infected seed lots, CelA PCR primers also were more sensitive in detecting symptomless infections of C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in seed tubers prior to planting compared to Cms50/72a PCR primers, IFA, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A real-time PCR format using the newly developed CelA primers proved to be a very robust detection tool for C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus with the added advantage of detecting only virulent strains of the ring rot bacterium.

scholarly journals The Endo-β-1,4-glucanase CelA of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Is a Pathogenicity Determinant Required for Induction of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 703-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Jahr ◽  
Jens Dreier ◽  
Dietmar Meletzus ◽  
Rainer Bahro ◽  
Rudolf Eichenlaub
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Gene Replacement ◽  
Initiation Site ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Transcriptional Initiation ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Pathogenicity Determinant ◽  
Cellulose Binding

The phytopathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis NCPPB382, which causes bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, harbors two plasmids, pCM1 (27.35 kb) and pCM2 (72 kb), encoding genes involved in virulence (D. Meletzus, A. Bermpohl, J. Dreier, and R. Eichenlaub, 1993, J. Bacteriol. 175:2131–2136; J. Dreier, D. Meletzus, and R. Eichenlaub, 1997, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10:195–206). The region of pCM1 carrying the endoglucanase gene celA was mapped by deletion analysis and complementation. RNA hybridization identified a 2.4-knt (kilonucleotide) transcript of the celA structural gene and the transcriptional initiation site was mapped. The celA gene encodes CelA, a protein of 78 kDa (746 amino acids) with similarity to endo-β-1,4-glucanases of family A1 cellulases. CelA has a three-domain structure with a catalytic domain, a type IIa-like cellulose-binding domain, and a C-terminal domain. We present evidence that CelA plays a major role in pathogenicity, since wilt induction capability is obtained by endoglucanase expression in plasmid-free, nonvirulent strains and by complementation of the CelA- gene-replacement mutant CMM-H4 with the wild-type celA gene.

scholarly journals Bacterial Canker (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis) of Tomato in Commercial Seed Produced in Indonesia

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 680-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Anwar ◽  
P. S. van der Zouwen ◽  
S. Ilyas ◽  
J. M. van der Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis ◽  
Tomato Seed ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Clavibacter Michiganensis Subsp ◽  
Bacterial Canker Of Tomato

In 2002, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis, the causal organism of bacterial canker of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), was isolated from two of six commercial asymptomatic tomato seed lots produced on Java in Indonesia. C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis has not been reported in Indonesia previously. Methods based on the protocol of the International Seed Health Initiative were used to extract and identify the presence of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in tomato seed. C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis was isolated with dilution plating on the semiselective media D2ANX and mSCM. The identity of the colonies was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (2), fatty methyl ester analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on monoclonal antibody 103 (1), and a pathogenicity test in which three replicate tomato plants were stem inoculated with 108 cells ml-1. Within 2 weeks, stripes on stems developed that split and exposed reddish brown cavities (stem cankers). The presence of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis poses a direct threat on tomato production, which is one of five economically most important vegetable crops in Indonesia. References: (1) A. Alvarez et al. Phytopathology 83:1405, 1993. (2) M. S. Santos et al. Seed Sci. Technol. 25:581, 1997.

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