scholarly journals Disease and Yield Response of a Stem-rot-resistant and -Susceptible Peanut Cultivar under Varying Fungicide Inputs

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 2781-2785
Author(s):  
J. R. Standish ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
W. D. Branch ◽  
T. B. Brenneman
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Commercial Fungicide ◽  
Similar Yield

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) producers rely on costly fungicide programs to manage stem rot, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Planting disease-resistant cultivars could increase profits by allowing for the deployment of less-expensive, lower-input fungicide programs. Field experiments were conducted to characterize stem rot and early and late leaf spot (caused by Passalora arachidicola and Nothopassalora personata, respectively), yield, and overall profitability of cultivars Georgia-06G (stem-rot-susceptible) and Georgia-12Y (stem-rot-resistant) as influenced by seven commercial fungicide programs. Stem rot incidence was consistently lower on Georgia-12Y for all fungicides when compared with Georgia-06G and was lowest for both cultivars in plots treated with prothioconazole plus a tank mixture of penthiopyrad and tebuconazole. Leaf spot severity was similar for both the resistant and susceptible cultivars, and the greatest reduction occurred in plots treated with prothioconazole plus a tank mixture of penthiopyrad and tebuconazole. Fungicide programs gave similar yield and net return on Georgia-12Y; however, plots of Georgia-06G treated with prothioconazole plus a tank mixture of penthiopyrad and tebuconazole had the greatest yield and net return. Yields and economic return from the highest level of fungicide inputs on Georgia-06G were numerically less than those of Georgia-12Y treated with only chlorothalonil. These results show the value of fungicides in peanut disease management with susceptible cultivars, as well as the benefits of planting stem-rot-resistant cultivars in high-risk situations.

scholarly journals Use of Resistant Cultivars and Reduced Fungicide Programs to Manage Peanut Diseases in Irrigated and Nonirrigated Fields

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 896-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Woodward ◽  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
R. C. Kemerait ◽  
N. B. Smith ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Spot Intensity ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Irrigation Effects

Field experiments were conducted in 2004 and 2005 to evaluate the response of several peanut cultivars to standard and reduced-input fungicide programs under production systems which differed in the duration of crop rotation, disease history within a field, or in the presence or absence of irrigation. Effects on early leaf spot (caused by Cercospora arachidicola), late leaf spot (caused by Cercosporidium personatum), and southern stem rot (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii), pod yields, and economic returns were assessed. Standard fungicide programs were similar for both sets of experiments and included applications of pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin, or chlorothalonil. Reduced-fungicide programs, comprising combinations of the aforementioned fungicides, resulted in two and four applications for the cultivar and irrigation experiment, respectively. Two additional programs (a seven-spray chlorothalonil and a nontreated control) were included in the cultivar experiment. Fungicide programs provided adequate levels of leaf spot suppression, and stem rot incidence was similar among fungicide programs within the two management systems. In the cultivar experiment, returns were significantly lower for the reduced program compared with the full program and seven-spray chlorothalonil program; however, they were significantly higher than the nontreated control. Significant differences in leaf spot, stem rot, and yield were observed among cultivars in both experiments. Overall, leaf spot intensity was lowest for the cvs. Georgia-03L and Georgia-01R and greatest for Georgia Green and Georgia-02C. Georgia-03L, Georgia-02C, and AP-3 consistently had lower incidence of stem rot than the other cultivars. Pod yields for all cultivars were equivalent to or greater than Georgia Green in both experiments; however, the performance of reduced-fungicide programs was inconsistent.

Soil-Borne Pests of Peanut in Growers' Fields with Different Cropping Histories in Alabama1

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Bowen ◽  
A. K. Hagan ◽  
J. R. Weeks
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Aflatoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Seed Invasion

Abstract Pest levels and yields of peanut were monitored in growers' fields in 1991 through 1993. Yields ranged from 2085 to 6440 kg/ha and averaged 3947 kg/ha over the 3 yr. Incidence of southern stem rot (SSR) (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii) averaged 7.6 foci (up to 30 cm in length) per 30.5 m row and ranged from 0 to 31.0 foci. Peanut yield tended to be inversely related to incidence of SSR and directly related to the number of years between peanut crops. Incidence of SSR was inversely related to number of years between peanut crops and was consistently greater in fields cropped to peanut every other year compared to other fields with less intensive peanut production. Yields obtained from irrigated fields averaged 11.4% greater than those without irrigation. Leaf spot control programs used by growers provided consistent levels of control. Peanut seed invasion by aflatoxigenic fungi and plant damage by larvae of the lesser cornstalk borer (Elasmopalus lignosellus) generally were low. Seed invasion by Aspergillus flavus-type fungi was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with damage due to lesser cornstalk borer in 1993. Juvenile populations of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) were positively correlated (P < 0.001) with incidence of SSR in 1992.

On-Farm Evaluations of Reduced Input Fungicide Programs in Peanut Fields with Low, Moderate, or High Levels of Disease Risk

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Woodward ◽  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
R. C. Kemerait ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
N. B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
On Farm

ABSTRACT In 2003, 2004, and 2005 standard and reduced input fungicide programs were evaluated throughout the peanut production region of Georgia for control of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola), late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum), and southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii). Disease risk was determined for each field based on the cultural practices implemented and ranged from low to high. Six to eight fungicide applications were made in the standard programs, versus three to six applications in reduced programs. Leaf spot ratings were higher for the reduced programs in five of the fourteen trials with substantial defoliation occurring in one trial. Overall, southern stem rot control for the reduced programs was equal to or better than that for the standard program, which could be attributed to the differences in fungicide selection or timing. Pod yields for the reduced programs were equal to or greater than the standard programs in all but one trial. Net returns were higher for the reduced programs in half of the trials; however, the reduced program resulted in lower net returns in one trial in 2004. Our results indicate that reduced input fungicide programs can be used to adequately manage fungal diseases of peanut without compromising yield or profitability, and that the use of cultivars with moderate levels of disease resistance may enhance disease control.

Potential for Improved Control of Southern Stem Rot of Peanut with Resistance and Fungicides1

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Shew ◽  
M. K. Beute ◽  
J. E. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Disease Loci ◽  
Moderate Resistance

Abstract Potential for improved control of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was evaluated by combining moderate resistance with fungicide use. Various fungicides including carboxin, oxycarboxin, propiconazol, OAC 3890, and PCNB were applied to peanut lines NC 8C, NC Ac 18016, and Florigiant in North Carolina during 1980, 1981, and 1982. Consistently fewer disease loci occurred on NC Ac 18016 than on NC 8C or Florigiant. At least one fungicide reduced stem rot incidence in two of three years tested, but fungicide use did not result in greater yields. Effects of disease resistance and fungicides on suppression of stem rot development were additive.

Partial resistance of Southern Runner, Arachis hypogaea, to stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii1

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
W. D. Branch ◽  
A. S. Csinos
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Disease Loci

Abstract The susceptibility of 16 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes (eight Virginia and eight runner types) to southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) was evaluated in field tests over three years. Mean disease incidence for all cultivars was 10.0, 15.4 and 16.4 disease loci per 12.2 m row and average yields were 3488, 2826 and 3569 kg/ha in 1986, 1987 and 1988, respectively. Disease incidence averaged 14.3 disease loci per 12.2 m of row for both market types. The mean yield for the eight Virginia types was 3287 kg/ha versus 3214 for the eight runner types. Culitvars within market types varied significantly in disease incidence and pod yield. Of the Virginia types, NC 6 and Florigiant were the most susceptible with NC 9, VA 81B and Early Bunch being the most resistant. Incidence of stem rot in runner cultivars was high except for Southern Runner and Langley which had about 50% less disease than the most susceptible entries. There was a highly significant correlation (P≤0.01) between yields and disease incidence all three years. Overall, Southern Runner had the lowest disease incidence and highest pod yield of any cultivar. Compared to Florunner, the current industry standard for runner types, Southern Runner had about 50% less disease and yields were 1346 kg/ha higher.

scholarly journals Reaction of Select Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Lines to Southern Stem Rot and Pythium Pod Rot Under Varied Disease Pressure

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. D. Smith ◽  
T. E. Boswell ◽  
W. J. Grichar ◽  
C. E. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Resistant Parent ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Considerable Resistance ◽  
Disease Pressure

Abstract Eight breeding lines, three parents, and the cultivar Florunner were compared under two levels of disease pressure induced by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., or Pythium myriotylum Drechs. at each of two locations for three years to ascertain the effectiveness of the host plant resistance to each pathogen. Varied disease pressures were created by application of fungicides and supplement of fungal inoculum. Mean Florunner pod yields varied more than 1000 kg/ha as a result of the S. rolfsii treatments but the yields of the resistant TxAG-3 were not affected. Disease incidence, as measured by frequency of S. rolfsii infection sites and diseased pods, was much higher for Florunner than TxAG-3. Breeding lines for which TxAG-3 was a parent sustained significant yield reductions. The disease incidence in these lines was higher than the resistant parent, equal or less than Tamnut 74, their other parent, and less than Florunner. The grades of TxAG-3 and its derivatives were lower than Florunner. Pod rot incidence differed for the P. myriotylum treatments but pod yields were not different. TxAG-3 and Toalson sustained less pod disease than Florunner and Tamnut 74. The percent of diseased pod tissue for one derivative of Toalson was lower than Toalson and TxAG-3, and that of one TxAG-3 derivative was equal to its best parent. The breeding lines varied in reaction to the two diseases and some lines showed considerable resistance to both organisms.

scholarly journals Biocontrol of Sclerotium rolfsii in Groundnut by Using Microbial Inoculants

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khirood DOLEY ◽  
Mayura DUDHANE ◽  
Mahesh BORDE
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Mycorrhizal Dependency ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Microbial Strains

Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.) is the causal agent of stem-rot in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)crop. With the increase in demand for the groundnut, control of stem-rot efficiently by microbial strains is fast becoming inevitable as the conventional system of chemicals is degrading our ecosystem. This investigation here emphasizes on inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma species for growth achievement and disease control. The present investigation showed that these microbial strains were found to be worth applying as they stimulated growth and decreased harmful effects of S. rolfsii (cv. ‘Western-51’). The increased biochemical parameters and antioxidant activities also indicated their defence related activities in groundnut plants. In spite of positive attributes meted out by these microbial strains towards groundnut crop, the interaction among AM fungi and Trichoderma species seemed to be less co-operative between each other which were noted when mycorrhizal dependency and percent root colonization were observed. However, in summary more practical application of low-input AM fungi along with Trichoderma species may be needed for the advancement of modern agricultural systems.

Southern Stem Rot Suppression On Peanut With The Insecticide Chlorpyrifos1

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Hagan ◽  
J. R. Weeks ◽  
R. B. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Disease Loci ◽  
One Year ◽  
On Farm

Abstract Chlorpyrifos 15G(2.24 kg a.i./ha), PCNB 10G (11.2 kg a.i./ha), and PCNB 10G + chlorpyrifos 15G(11.2 + 2.24 kg a.i./ha) were compared for the suppression of southern stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. on peanut in on-farm trials on nine farms over three years (1982–1984). Chlorpyrifos, PCNB, and PCNB + chlorpyrifos significantly reduced loci counts all three years. PCNB + chlorpyrifos generally gave the best stem rot suppression and yield response, but there was little difference in disease loci counts between chlorpyrifos and PCNB. PCNB significantly increased yield over the control two years while chlorpyrifos increased yield only one year.

Efficacy of Organically Acceptable Fungicides for Management of Early and Late Leaf Spot Diseases on Partially Resistant Peanut Cultivars

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Cantonwine ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
B. B. Shew ◽  
M. A. Boudreau
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Late Leaf Spot ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide ◽  
Affect Disease Severity

Field experiments were carried out in Georgia and North Carolina to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides approved for the organic management of early leaf spot, caused by Cercospora arachidicola, and late leaf spot, caused by Cercosporidium personatum, in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) fields planted to cultivars with partial resistance to one or both pathogens. Copper treatments alone or in mixtures resulted in less disease than a non-treated control. In Georgia, sulfur provided some disease suppression, but not as much as treatments with copper sulfate. Neem oil did not affect disease severity. Mean pod yields across years were significantly greater than the non-treated control only for copper sulfate in Georgia and cupric hydroxide in North Carolina. The minimal yield response to treatments suggests that under similar situations, the frequency of copper-based fungicide applications may be reduced with little affect on yield. Accepted for publication 16 January 2008. Published 17 March 2008.

scholarly journals Effect of Application Techniques on Performance of Propiconazole for Peanut Disease Control

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
H. R. Sumner ◽  
L. R. Chandler ◽  
J. M. Hammond ◽  
A. K. Culbreath
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
One Year ◽  
Severe Leaf

Abstract Propiconazole (Tilt®) was applied to Florunner peanut by injection into irrigation water (chemigation) or as a foliar spray. At rates of 0.12-0.25 kg/ha of propiconazole control of both Rhizoctonia limb rot (Rhizoctonia solani AG-4) and stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) was inconsistent. Chemigation resulted in the lowest incidence of stem rot, but the incidence of stem rot was only 26% less than the control. Yields from plots receiving chemigation were greater than expected based on disease ratings, indicating that some effects of the fungicide were not being evaluated. Where foliar sprays of chlorothalonil were applied for late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum), supplemental applications of propiconazole via chemigation improved leaf spot control. However, substituting chemigated propiconazole for foliar sprays of chlorothalonil consistently resulted in more severe leaf spot and, in one year, decreased yields. Propiconazole is most effective against leaf spot when applied as a foliar spray, whereas chemigation applications provide optimum efficacy against soilborne pathogens of peanut.

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