Comparison of Field, Greenhouse, and Detached-Leaf Evaluations of Soybean Germplasm for Resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi

Fourteen soybean accessions and breeding lines were evaluated for resistance to soybean rust caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Evaluations were conducted in replicated experiments in growth chambers using detached leaves and under greenhouse and field conditions. In growth-chamber experiments, inoculation of detached leaves with 1 × 106 spores/ml resulted in a significantly (P < 0.0001) higher total number of pustules and spores per unit leaf area than inoculations with lower spore concentrations. Amending agar medium with plant hormones significantly (P < 0.0001) aided retention of green leaf color in detached leaves. Leaf pieces on a medium containing kinetin at 10 mg/liter had 5% chlorosis at 18 days after plating compared with leaf pieces on media amended with all other plant hormones, which had higher levels of chlorosis. Leaf age significantly affected number of pustules (P = 0.0146) and number of spores per pustule (P = 0.0088), and 3- to 4-week-old leaves had a higher number of pustules and number of spores per pustule compared with leaves that were either 1 to 2 or 5 to 6 weeks old. In detached-leaf and greenhouse screening, plants were evaluated for days to lesion appearance, days to pustule formation, days to pustule eruption, lesion number, lesion diameter, lesion type, number of pustules, and spores per pustule in 1-cm2 leaf area. Plants also were evaluated for diseased leaf area (in greenhouse and field screening) and sporulation (in field screening) at growth stage R6. There were significant (P < 0.0001) differences among genotypes in their response to P. pachyrhizi infection in the detached-leaf, greenhouse, and field evaluations. Accessions PI 594538A, PI 417089A, and UG-5 had very low levels of disease compared with the susceptible checks and all other genotypes. Detached-leaf, greenhouse, and field results were comparable, and there were significant correlations between detached-leaf and greenhouse (absolute r = 0.79; P < 0.0001) and between detached-leaf and field resistance (absolute r = 0.83; P < 0.0001) across genotypes. The overall results show the utility of detached-leaf assay for screening soybean for rust resistance.

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Phytonutrients and Metabolism Changes in Topped Radish Root and Its Detached Leaves during 1 °C Cold Postharvest Storage

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae8010042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Mengpei Liu ◽

Hye-Young Seo ◽

Sunggi Min ◽

Kang-Mo Ku

Keyword(s):

Cold Storage ◽

Plant Hormones ◽

Root Tissue ◽

Detached Leaf ◽

Radish Root ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Detached Leaves ◽

Storage Atmosphere ◽

The Difference ◽

Atmosphere Environment

Glucosinolates, lipid-soluble vitamins E and K contents, primary metabolites and plant hormones were analyzed from topped radish root and detached leaf during storage at 1 °C. The topped root was analyzed at 0, 5, 15, 30, and 90 days after storage while the detached leaf was analyzed at 0, 5, 15, 30, and 45 days in an airtight storage atmosphere environment. The results showed that aliphatic glucosinolates were gradually decreased in leaf but not in root. There was a highly significant correlation between tryptophan and 4-methoxyindoleglucobrassicin in both tissues (r = 0.922, n = 10). There was no significant difference in vitamins E and K in leaf and root during storage. Plant hormones partially explained the significantly changed metabolites by tissue and time, which were identified during cold storage. Phenylalanine, lysine, tryptophan, and myo-inositol were the most important biomarkers that explained the difference in leaf and root tissue during cold storage. The most different metabolism between leaf and root tissue was starch and sucrose metabolism. Therefore, different postharvest technology or regimes should be applied to these tissues.

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Reactions of Soybean Germplasm Accessions to Six Phakopsora pachyrhizi Isolates from the United States

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-18-1704-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (4) ◽

pp. 1087-1095

Author(s):

Chandra Paul ◽

Hélder Z. Motter ◽

David R. Walker

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Soybean Rust ◽

Soybean Plant ◽

Resistance Allele ◽

Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽

Plant Introductions ◽

Detached Leaf ◽

New Information ◽

Resistance Reaction

Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd., is one of the most economically important foliar diseases of soybean. Resistant cultivars could reduce yield losses and management costs but considerable pathogenic diversity exists among populations of the fungus; thus, resistance to a range of pathotypes is essential. Seedling and detached-leaf assays were conducted to characterize the resistance of 55 soybean plant introductions (PIs) to six purified isolates of P. pachyrhizi originating from the southern United States. In the greenhouse resistance assays, the differentials Hyuuga (PI 506764) and PI 471904 and accessions PI 224268, PI 567025A, PI 567039, PI 567046A, and DT 2000 (PI 635999) were resistant to all six isolates, including Florida isolates from 2011 and 2012 that were able to defeat resistance conditioned by the Rpp1 through Rpp4 genes. Twenty-six other PIs were resistant to four or five of the six isolates. In the detached-leaf assays, eight accessions developed reddish-brown reactions to all six isolates, with an average of only 0.23 to 0.55 uredinia/lesion. These included Hyuuga, DT 2000, two differentials with a resistance allele at the Rpp5 locus, and accessions PI 224268, PI 423960B, PI 567025A, and PI 567046A. Many of the resistant accessions have subsequently been reported to have a resistance allele at the Rpp3 locus, and two others have resistance genes at the Rpp4 or Rpp6 locus. This study provided new information about resistance reaction phenotypes that can be useful for understanding mechanisms of resistance, which Rpp genes and alleles could be combined to obtain broader and more durable rust resistance in soybean cultivars, and pathotype diversity among the six isolates used.

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Culturing Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Detached Leaves and Urediniospore Survival at Different Temperatures and Relative Humidities

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-10-0131 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (12) ◽

pp. 1453-1460 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

M. Twizeyimana ◽

G. L. Hartman

Keyword(s):

Thermal Shock ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Soybean Rust ◽

Reproductive Capacity ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽

Leaf Chlorosis ◽

Detached Leaves ◽

Soybean Leaves

Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the most important foliar diseases of soybean worldwide. In a series of experiments, multiple objectives were addressed to determine the (i) longevity of detached soybean leaves, (ii) reproductive capacity of uredinia on leaves inoculated and/or incubated on the abaxial versus adaxial side of the leaf, (iii) reproductive capacity of uredinia and urediniospore germination when spores were harvested at regular intervals or all at once, and (iv) effect of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on urediniospore germination. A detached-leaf assay using agar medium amended with 6-benzylaminopurine performed better in retarding leaf chlorosis than filter paper alone among five soybean genotypes. Among the three susceptible genotypes tested, detached leaves of cv. Williams 82 had the lowest level of leaf chlorosis and often allowed for the greatest urediniospore production and germination rate. Temperature and RH played significant roles in survival of urediniospore as measured by germination rates. Viable urediniospores were harvested from infected soybean leaves maintained at room temperature (23 to 24°C at 55 to 60% RH) for up to 18 days, whereas freshly harvested urediniospores that were desiccated for 12 h before being placed in vials and maintained at room temperature remained viable for up to 30 days. Urediniospore hydration was the major factor for the dormancy reversion; thermal shock with hydration and no thermal shock with hydration treatments had consistently similar urediniospore germination rates. In the RH experiment, urediniospores harvested from inoculated leaf pieces maintained at 85% RH had the highest germination rates compared with higher and lower RH. Improvement in P. pachyrhizi cultural techniques and understanding of urediniospore survival will enhance our knowledge of the pathogen biology, host-plant relationship, and conditions that favor the infection, reproduction, and survival of the pathogen.

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First Report of Rust Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi on Soybean in Democratic Republic of Congo

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-91-9-1204c ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 91 (9) ◽

pp. 1204-1204 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. S. Ojiambo ◽

R. Bandyopadhyay ◽

M. Twizeyimana ◽

A. Lema ◽

R. D. Frederick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Democratic Republic ◽

Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽

Soybean Rust ◽

Plant Management ◽

Research Station ◽

Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽

Republic Of Congo ◽

First Report ◽

Field Samples ◽

Detached Leaves

Nigeria (1) and Uganda (3) are the closest countries to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi has been reported. In February 2007, during a disease survey in DRC, soybean (Glycine max) leaves with rust symptoms (tan, angular lesions with erumpent sori exuding urediniospores) were observed in 10 fields in the following areas in Bas Congo Province: Bangu, Kimpese, Kolo-Fuma, Lukala, Mbanza-Ngungu, Mpalukide, Mvuazi, and Ntemo. Rust incidence in these fields ranged from 85 to 100%, while severity ranged between 3 and 35% of the leaf area on infected plants. Urediniospores were hyaline, minutely echinulate, and 23 to 31 × 16 to 20 μm. Within a week of collection, infected leaf samples were sent to the USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit (FDWSRU) for pathogen identification. DNA was extracted from sections of leaves containing sori with the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini kit (Valencia, CA), and all 10 field samples amplified in a real-time fluorescent PCR with the P. pachyrhizi-specific primers Ppm1 and Ppa2 (2). Infected leaves of cultivar Vuangi collected from one field each in the INERA Research Station, Kimpese-Crawford, and Kimpese-Ceco were separately washed in sterile water to collect urediniospores that were used to separately inoculate three detached leaves of susceptible cultivar TGx 1485-1D (4). Lesions on inoculated leaves developed 5 days after inoculation (DAI), and pustules (110 to 130 μm) formed 7 DAI and erupted 2 days later exuding columns of urediniospores similar in size to the initially collected isolates. Inoculation of another set of detached leaves with a spore suspension (1 × 106 spores per ml) from the first set of detached leaves resulted in typical rust symptoms. Seedlings of cultivar Williams also showed typical rust symptoms when inoculated separately with urediniospores collected from nine fields (i.e., all except Kimpese-Ceco, which was infective in the detached leaf assay). Inoculation and incubation were carried out at the FDWSRU Plant Pathogen Containment Facility at Fort Detrick as described earlier (2). The PCR assay, morphological characters of the isolates, and pathogenicity tests demonstrate that P. pachyrhizi occurs in DRC. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pachyrhizi infecting soybean in DRC. References: (1) O. A. Akinsanmi et al. Plant Dis. 85:97, 2001. (2) R. D. Frederick et al. Phytopathology 92:217, 2002. (3) E. Kawuki et al. J. Phytopathol. 151:7, 2003. (4) M. Twizeyimana et al. Online publication. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/ infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2006/posters/41.asp. Plant Management Network, 2006.

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Effect of Selected Biopesticides in Reducing Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) Development

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-19-0384-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (9) ◽

pp. 2460-2466 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Twizeyimana ◽

G. L. Hartman

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

The Other ◽

Soybean Rust ◽

Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽

Application Time ◽

Valuable Alternative ◽

Greenhouse Experiments ◽

Detached Leaf ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Intensive Use

The intensive use of fungicides in controlling soybean rust (SBR), a damaging foliar fungal disease of soybean caused by the obligate fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, may have accelerated the insensitivity of P. pachyrhizi populations to fungicides. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of selected biopesticides and their application time on reducing SBR infection. There were differences (P < 0.05) in percent rust reduction values for application times, biopesticide treatments, and their interaction in detached-leaf and whole-plant greenhouse experiments. All application times and nearly all biopesticide treatments reduced (α = 0.05) fungal infection compared with the nonfungicide control. Among the treatments, Bacillus subtilis QST 713 and acibenzolar-S-methyl often reduced fungal sporulation more than the other treatments in detached-leaf and whole-plant greenhouse experiments. The identification of biopesticides effective to P. pachyrhizi may be a valuable alternative or complement to synthetic fungicides and may be useful in integrated pest management programs for SBR control.

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Effect of Solar Radiation on Severity of Soybean Rust

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-10-11-0294 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 102 (8) ◽

pp. 794-803 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Heather M. Young ◽

Sheeja George ◽

Dario F. Narváez ◽

Pratibha Srivastava ◽

Andrew C. Schuerger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Leaf Area Index ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Plant Height ◽

Epicuticular Wax ◽

Soybean Rust ◽

Disease Development ◽

Area Index ◽

Detached Leaf

Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a damaging fungal disease of soybean (Glycine max). Although solar radiation can reduce SBR urediniospore survival, limited information is available on how solar radiation affects SBR progress within soybean canopies. Such information can aid in developing accurate SBR prediction models. To manipulate light penetration into soybean canopies, structures of shade cloth attenuating 30, 40, and 60% sunlight were constructed over soybean plots. In each plot, weekly evaluations of severity in lower, middle, and upper canopies, and daily temperature and relative humidity were recorded. Final plant height and leaf area index were also recorded for each plot. The correlation between amount of epicuticular wax and susceptibility of leaves in the lower, middle, and upper canopies was assessed with a detached leaf assay. Final disease severity was 46 to 150% greater in the lower canopy of all plots and in the middle canopy of 40 and 60% shaded plots. While daytime temperature within the canopy of nonshaded soybean was greater than shaded soybean by 2 to 3°C, temperatures recorded throughout typical evenings and mornings of the growing season in all treatments were within the range (10 to 28.5°C) for SBR development as was relative humidity. This indicates temperature and relative humidity were not limiting factors in this experiment. Epicuticular wax and disease severity in detached leaf assays from the upper canopy had significant negative correlation (P = 0.009, R = –0.84) regardless of shade treatment. In laboratory experiments, increasing simulated total solar radiation (UVA, UVB, and PAR) from 0.15 to 11.66 MJ m–2 increased mortality of urediniospores from 2 to 91%. Variability in disease development across canopy heights in early planted soybean may be attributed to the effects of solar radiation not only on urediniospore viability, but also on plant height, leaf area index, and epicuticular wax, which influence disease development of SBR. These results provide an understanding of the effect solar radiation has on the progression of SBR within the soybean canopy.

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Evaluation of Soybean Germplasm for Resistance to Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in Nigeria

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-6-0947 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (6) ◽

pp. 947-952 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

M. Twizeyimana ◽

P. S. Ojiambo ◽

T. Ikotun ◽

J. L. Ladipo ◽

G. L. Hartman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Rust Resistance ◽

The United States ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Soybean Rust ◽

United States Department ◽

International Institute ◽

Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Rust Severity

Soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the most important constraints to soybean production worldwide. The absence of high levels of host resistance to the pathogen has necessitated the continued search and identification of sources of resistance. In one set of experiments, 178 soybean breeding lines from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture were rated for rust severity in the field in 2002 and 2003 at Ile-Ife, Yandev, and Ibadan, Nigeria. Thirty-six lines with disease severity ≤3 (based on a 0-to-5 scale) were selected for a second round of evaluation in 2004 at Ibadan. In the third round of evaluation under inoculated field conditions, 11 breeding lines with disease severity ≤2 were further evaluated for rust resistance at Ibadan in 2005 and 2006. The breeding lines TGx 1835-10E, TGx 1895-50F, and TGx 1903-3F consistently had the lowest level of disease severity across years and locations. In another set of experiments, 101 accessions from the United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service and National Agriculture Research Organization (Uganda) were evaluated in the first round in 2005 under inoculated conditions in the screenhouse; 12 accessions with disease severity ≤20% leaf area infected were selected for evaluation in the second round in 2005 and 2006 under inoculated field conditions at Ibadan. Highly significant differences (P < 0.0001) in disease severity were observed among the 101 accessions during this first round of rust evaluation. Significant (P < 0.0001) differences in rust severity and sporulation also were observed among the 12 selected accessions. Accessions PI 594538A, PI 417089A, and UG-5 had significantly (P < 0.05) lower disease severity than all other selected accessions in both years of evaluation, with rust severities ranging from 0.1 to 2.4%. These results indicate that some of the breeding lines (TGx 1835-10E, TGx 1895-50F, and TGx 1903-3F) and accessions (PI 594538A, PI 417089A, and UG-5) would be useful sources of soybean rust resistance genes for incorporation into high-yielding and adapted cultivars.

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First Report of Soybean Rust Caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi in Ghana

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-91-8-1057b ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 91 (8) ◽

pp. 1057-1057 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. Bandyopadhyay ◽

P. S. Ojiambo ◽

M. Twizeyimana ◽

B. Asafo-Adjei ◽

R. D. Frederick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Incidence ◽

Its Region ◽

Spore Suspension ◽

Soybean Rust ◽

Plant Management ◽

Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽

Adaxial Side ◽

First Report ◽

Field Samples ◽

Detached Leaves

Nigeria is the only country in West Africa where soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, has been officially reported (1). During a disease survey in Ghana during October 2006, soybean (Glycine max) leaves with rust symptoms (tan, angular lesions with erumpent sori exuding urediniospores) were observed in 11 fields in the following districts: Kassena Nankana in the Upper East Region; East Gonja, Central Gonja, and Tolon-Kumbungu in the Northern Region; and Ejisu-Juabeng in the Ashanti Region. Disease incidence in these fields ranged from 50 to 100% and disease severity ranged between 3 and 40% of the leaf area on infected plants. Urediniospores were hyaline, minutely echinulate, and 23 to 31 × 14 to 18 μm. Within a week of collection, leaf samples were sent to the USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit for verification of pathogen identity. DNA was extracted from leaf pieces containing sori with the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini kit (Valencia, CA), and all 11 field samples amplified in a real-time fluorescent PCR with the P. pachyrhizi-specific primers Ppm1 and Ppa2 (2). Sequence alignment of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region 2 further confirmed the identification as P. pachyrhizi (2). Infected leaves from three fields were separately washed in sterile water to collect urediniospores that were used to separately inoculate three detached leaves (for each isolate) of susceptible cultivar TGx 1485-1D (3). The abaxial surface of detached leaves was sprayed with 400 μl of spore suspension (1 × 106 spores per ml). A single leaf piece was placed in a 9-cm-diameter petri dish with adaxial side appressed on 1% technical agar amended with 10 μg/ml of kinetin. Lactic acid (1.5 ml/liter) and benomyl (12.5 mg/liter) were added to the agar medium to inhibit growth of saprophytic fungi and bacteria. Petri dishes were incubated at 20°C with a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle. Lesions on inoculated leaves developed 5 to 6 days after inoculation (DAI), and pustules (105 to 120 μm) formed 7 to 8 DAI and erupted 3 days later exuding columns of urediniospores similar in size to the initially collected isolates. Inoculating another set of detached leaves with a spore suspension (1 × 106 spores per ml) from the first set of detached leaves resulted in typical rust symptoms. The PCR assay, alignment of ITS region 2, morphological characters of the isolates, and pathogenicity tests demonstrate that P. pachyrhizi occurs in Ghana. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pachyrhizi in Ghana. References: (1) O. A. Akinsanmi et al. Plant Dis. 85:97, 2001. (2) R. D. Frederick et al. Phytopathology 92:217, 2002. (3) M. Twizeyimana et al. Online publication. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/ infocenter/topic/soybeanrust/2006/posters/41.asp. Plant Management Network, 2006.

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A Leaf Disk Assay for Screening Sweet Cherry Genotypes for Susceptibility to Powdery Mildew

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.2.274 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 274-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

James W. Olmstead ◽

Gregory A. Lang ◽

Gary G. Grove

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Avium ◽

Leaf Age ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Field Resistance ◽

Leaf Disk ◽

Detached Leaf ◽

Breeding Populations ◽

Sweet Cherry Cultivars

A detached leaf disk assay for screening sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) genotypes for susceptibility to powdery mildew (PM) [Podosphaera clandestina (Wallr.:Fr.) Lev.] was developed by evaluating the effects of photoperiod (24 hours light, 0 hours light, 14 hours light/10 hours dark), substrate nutrient content (sterile distilled water, 1% sucrose), leaf age (old, young, emergent), and leaf explant size (intact leaf, 30 mm, 20 mm) on PM growth on leaves from the susceptible cultivar Bing. The only parameter described that had a significant (P ≤ 0.001) effect on PM growth was leaf age. Old leaves, designated as the third fully expanded leaf from the basal end of current-year's shoot growth, were never infected with PM under controlled inoculations. In the absence of significant differences between treatments, those parameters with the highest treatment means were selected for subsequent evaluation. To test the leaf disk assay, 14 sweet cherry cultivars were screened in two experiments, and rated according to level of PM susceptibility. Rank sum comparison of results from cultivars used for leaf disk screening agreed with earlier field rankings of the same cultivars. The developed leaf disk assay greatly reduced the space required to screen sweet cherry cultivars, and was a repeatable and objective predictor of field resistance that may be useful for screening germplasm or breeding populations.

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Characteristics of superior soybean breeding lines tolerance to rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.)

Biosaintifika Journal of Biology & Biology Education ◽

10.15294/biosaintifika.v8i1.5081 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Alfi Inayati ◽

Eriyanto Yusnawan

Keyword(s):

Biology Education ◽

Soybean Rust ◽

Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽

Soybean Breeding ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Lesion Type ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Resistant Genotypes ◽

Screen House

Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi is one of the most important diseases which limits soybean production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of 28 superior soybean lines and their tolerance to rust. The study was conducted at a screen house and arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD); three replications. All genotypes tested were artificially inoculated with P. pachyrhizi, and a set of un-inoculated genotypes was planted as a comparison. Number of pustules was recorded weekly, and resistant criteria was rated based on the International working group on soybean rust IWGSR method. Lesion color (LC), sporulation level (SL), number of uredia (NoU), frequency of pustule which had uredia, and yield were also recorded. Among 28 genotypes tested, only one was categorized as resistant and 2 genotypes were susceptible. Resistant genotypes had few pustules, lower AUDPC values, low disease severity, and Reddish Brown lesion type. Soybean rust affected yield components, i.e. number of intact pods and yield per plant. Yield loses due to rust in this study varied from 5-89%, and the average was 51%. The set of lines from Tanggamus pedigree showed more resistant to rust but less tolerant compared to Sinabung pedigree.How to CiteInayati, A., & Yusnawan, E. (2016). Characteristics of superior soybean breeding lines tolerancet to rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd.). Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(1), 47-55.

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