“SPARC” Neurochemical Profile of Enteric Neurons in the Inner and Outer Submucosal Plexus of The Ascending and Descending Colon of Adult Pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Luis Cabanillas ◽  
Maurizio Mazzoni ◽  
Filippo Caremoli ◽  
Karla Ibarra ◽  
Giulia Lattanzio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Neurochemical Profile ◽  
Descending Colon

scholarly journals Effect of chemically-induced diabetes mellitus on phenotypic variability of the enteric neurons in the descending colon in the pig

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Bulc ◽  
Jarosław Całka ◽  
Łukasz Zielonka ◽  
Michał Dąbrowski ◽  
Katarzyna Palus
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Oxide Synthase

AbstractGastrointestinal neuropathy in diabetes is one of numerous diseases resulting in abnormal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and it may affect any section of the GIT, including the descending colon. In the gastrointestinal system, the neurons are arranged in an interconnecting network defined as the enteric nervous system (ENS) which includes the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexuses: inner and outer. Regular functioning of the ENS is determined by normal synthesis of the neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. This paper demonstrates the effect of hyperglycaemia on the number of enteric neurons which are immunoreactive to: neural isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin (GAL), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and cocaine amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the porcine descending colon. It was demonstrated that there was a statistically significant increase in the number of neurons within the myenteric plexus immunoreactive to all investigated substances. In the outer submucosal plexus, the CART-positive neurons were the only ones not to change, whereas no changes were recorded for nNOS or CART in the inner submucosal plexus. This study is the first study to discuss quantitative changes in the neurons immunoreactive to nNOS, VIP, GAL, CGRP and CART in the descending colon in diabetic pigs.

scholarly journals Changes in Immunoreactivity of Sensory Substances within the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Stomach during Experimentally Induced Diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Bulc ◽  
Katarzyna Palus ◽  
Jarosław Całka ◽  
Łukasz Zielonka
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Porcine Model ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Chemical Coding ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Enteric Plexus ◽  
Clear Increase

One of the most frequently reported disorders associated with diabetes is gastrointestinal (GI) disturbance. Although pathogenesis of these complications is multifactorial, the complicity of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in this respect has significant importance. Therefore, this paper analysed changes in substance P- (SP-), calcitonin gene-related peptide- (CGRP-), and leu5-enkephalin- (L-ENK-) like immunoreactivity (LI) in enteric stomach neurons caused by chemically induced diabetes in a porcine model. Using double immunofluorescent labelling, it was found that acute hyperglycaemia led to significant changes in the chemical coding of stomach enteric neurons. Generally, the response to artificially inducted diabetes depended on the “kind” of enteric plexus as well as the stomach region studied. A clear increase in the percentage of neurons immunoreactive to SP and CGRP was visible in the myenteric plexus (MP) in the antrum, corpus, and pylorus as well as in the submucosal plexus (SmP) in the corpus. For L-ENK, an increase in the number of L-ENK-LI neurons was observed in the MP of the antrum and SmP in the corpus, while in the MP of the corpus and pylorus, a decrease in the percentage of L-ENK-LI neurons was noted.

Cholera toxin-sensitive neurons in guinea pig submucosal plexus

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (1) ◽  
pp. G86-G94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Jiang ◽  
A. Kirchgessner ◽  
M. D. Gershon ◽  
A. Surprenant
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Cholera Toxin ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Vascular Perfusion ◽  
B Subunit ◽  
Stimulation Of

Cholera toxin (CT) increases intestinal secretions by direct stimulation of mucosal enterocytes; enteric neurons also may play a role. We tested the latter possibility by retrograde labeling of mucosal terminals in guinea pig small intestine with the B subunit of CT (B-CT) and by intracellular recordings from submucosal neurons during superfusion with CT. All vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive neurons, and only VIP-positive neurons, were labeled with B-CT. Fluorogold (FG) was used to retrogradely label nerve terminals in submucosal arterioles in preparations in which B-CT labeled mucosal terminals; colocalization of B-CT with FG was observed in neurons up to 3 mm from the site of FG application. CT selectively depolarized neurons known to contain VIP. We conclude that all VIP-containing neurons, and only VIP neurons, in guinea pig submucosal plexus possess B-CT binding sites and can be activated by CT. Some of these neurons provide a dual innervation to both arterioles and mucosa. We suggest that one functional consequence of CT may be to activate vasodilator nerves, thus increasing vascular perfusion of the mucosa to further stimulate intestinal secretions.

scholarly journals Diabetes Affects the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)-Like Immunoreactive Enteric Neurons in the Porcine Digestive Tract

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5727
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Palus ◽  
Michał Bulc ◽  
Jarosław Całka ◽  
Łukasz Zielonka ◽  
Marcin Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Double Labelling ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Diabetic gastroenteropathy is a common complication, which develops in patients with long-term diabetes. The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide known for its cytoprotective properties and plays an important role in neuronal development, neuromodulation and neuroprotection. The present study was designed to elucidate, for the first time, the impact of prolonged hyperglycaemia conditions on a population of PACAP-like immunoreactive neurons in selected parts of the porcine gastrointestinal tract. The experiment was conducted on 10 juvenile female pigs assigned to two experimental groups: The DM group (pigs with streptozocin-induced diabetes) and the C group (control pigs). Diabetes conditions were induced by a single intravenous injection of streptozocin. Six weeks after the induction of diabetes, all animals were euthanised and further collected, and fixed fragments of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and descending colon were processed using the routine double-labelling immunofluorescence technique. Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia caused a significant increase in the population of PACAP-containing enteric neurons in the porcine stomach, small intestines and descending colon. The recorded changes may result from the direct toxic effect of hyperglycaemia on the ENS neurons, oxidative stress or inflammatory conditions accompanying hyperglycaemia and suggest that PACAP is involved in regulatory processes of the GIT function in the course of diabetes.

scholarly journals Chemically-Induced Inflammation Changes the Number of Nitrergic Nervous Structures in the Muscular Layer of the Porcine Descending Colon

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 394
Author(s):  
Liliana Rytel ◽  
Ignacy Gonkowski ◽  
Waldemar Grzegorzewski ◽  
Joanna Wojtkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Muscular Layer ◽  
Gaseous Substance ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Experimental Inflammation ◽  
Descending Colon

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the part of the nervous system that is located in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and regulates the majority of the functions of the stomach and intestine. Enteric neurons may contain various active substances that act as neuromediators and/or neuromodulators. One of them is a gaseous substance, namely nitric oxide (NO). It is known that NO in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract may possess inhibitory functions; however, many of the aspects connected with the roles of this substance, especially during pathological states, remain not fully understood. An experiment is performed here with 15 pigs divided into 3 groups: C group (without any treatment), C1 group (“sham” operated), and C2 group, in which experimental inflammation was induced. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of inflammation on nitrergic nervous structures in the muscular layer of the porcine descending colon using an immunofluorescence method. The obtained results show that inflammation causes an increase in the percentage of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-positive neurons in the myenteric plexus of the ENS, as well as the number of nitrergic nerve fibers in the muscular layer of the descending colon. The obtained results suggest that NO is involved in the pathological condition of the large bowel and probably takes part in neuroprotective and/or adaptive processes.

Toxin B ofClostridium difficileactivates human VIP submucosal neurons, in part via an IL-1β-dependent pathway

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (5) ◽  
pp. G1049-G1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Neunlist ◽  
J. Barouk ◽  
K. Michel ◽  
I. Just ◽  
T. Oreshkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Level ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Optical Recording ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Submucosal Plexus ◽  
Excitatory Effect ◽  
Toxin B ◽  
Fos Expression ◽  
Dependent Pathway

This study investigated whether toxin B of Clostridium difficile can activate human submucosal neurons and the involved pathways. Isolated segments of human colon were placed in organ culture for 3 h in the presence of toxin B or IL-1β. Whole mounts of internal submucosal plexus were stained with antibodies against c-Fos, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and substance P (SP). The membrane potential (Vm) response of submucosal neurons to local application of toxin B and IL-1β was determined by a multisite optical recording technique. Toxin B (0.1 to 10 ng/ml) increased the proportion of c-Fos-positive neurons dose dependently compared with the control. In the presence of toxin B (10 ng/ml), most c-Fos-positive neurons were immunoreactive for VIP (79.8 ± 22.5%) but only 19.4 ± 14.0% for SP. Toxin B induced a rapid rise in IL-1β mRNA level and a sixfold increase in IL-1β protein in supernatant after 3 h of incubation. c-Fos expression induced by toxin B was reduced dose dependently by IL-1 receptor antagonist (0.1-10 ng/ml). IL-1β significantly increased c-Fos expression in submucosal neurons compared with the control (34.2 ± 10.1 vs. 5.1 ± 1.3% of NSE neurons). Microejection of toxin B had no effect on the Vmof enteric neurons. Evidence of a direct excitatory effect of IL-1β on Vmwas detected in a minority of enteric neurons. Therefore, toxin B of C. difficile activates VIP-positive submucosal neurons, at least in part, via an indirect IL-1β-dependent pathway.

scholarly journals Expression of p16 Within Myenteric Neurons of the Aged Colon: A Potential Marker of Declining Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Palmer ◽  
Sarah Epton ◽  
Ellie Crawley ◽  
Marilisa Straface ◽  
Luke Gammon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cell ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Potential Marker ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
Automated Software

Human colonic neuromuscular functions decline among the elderly. The aim was to explore the involvement of senescence. A preliminary PCR study looked for age-dependent differences in expression of CDKN1A (encoding the senescence-related p21 protein) and CDKN2A (encoding p16 and p14) in human ascending and descending colon (without mucosa) from 39 (approximately 50: 50 male: female) adult (aged 27–60 years) and elderly donors (70–89 years). Other genes from different aging pathways (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy) and cell-types (e.g., neurons, neuron axonal transport) were also examined. Unlike CDKN1A, CDKN2A (using primers for p16 and p14 but not when using p14-specific primers) was upregulated in both regions of colon. Compared with the number of genes appearing to upregulate in association with temporal age, more genes positively associated with increased CDKN2A expression (respectively, 16 and five of 44 genes studied for ascending and descending colon). Confirmation of increased expression of CDKN2A was sought by immunostaining for p16 in the myenteric plexus of colon from 52 patients, using a semi-automated software protocol. The results showed increased staining not within the glial cells (S100 stained), but in the cytoplasm of myenteric nerve cell bodies (MAP2 stained, with identified nucleus) of ascending, but not descending colon of the elderly, and not in the cell nucleus of either region or age group (5,710 neurons analyzed: n = 12–14 for each group). It was concluded that increased p16 staining within the cytoplasm of myenteric nerve cell bodies of elderly ascending (but not descending) colon, suggests a region-dependent, post-mitotic cellular senescence-like activity, perhaps involved with aging of enteric neurons within the colon.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document