scholarly journals On the diffraction of light by spheres of small relative index

1914 ◽  
Vol 90 (617) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
High Index ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Relative Refractive Index ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Yellow Light ◽  
Relative Index ◽  
Light Passing ◽  
Diffraction Of Light

In a short paper “On the Diffraction of Light by Particles Comparable with the Wave-length,”* Keen and Porter describe curious observations upon the intensity and colour of the light transmitted through small particles of precipitated sulphur, while still in a state of suspension, when the size of the particles is comparable with, or decidedly larger than, the wave-length of the light The particles principally concerned in their experiments appear to have decidedly exceeded those dealt with in a recent paper, where the calculations were pushed only to the point where the circumference of the sphere is 2·25 λ. The authors cited give as the size of the particles, when the intensity of the light passing through was a minimum, 6 to 10 μ, that is over 10 wave-lengths of yellow light, and they point out the desirability of extending the theory to larger spheres. The calculations referred to related to tho particular case where the (relative) refractive index of the spherical obstacles is 1·5. This value was chosen in order to bring out the peculiar polarisation phenomena observed in the diffracted light at angles in the neighbourhood of 90°, and as not inappro-priate to experiments upon particles of high index suspended in water. I remarked that the extension of the calculations to greater particles would be of interest, but that the arithmetical work would rapidly become heavy.

scholarly journals On the scattering and absorption of light in gaseous media, with applications to the intensity of sky radiation

1913 ◽  
Vol 88 (601) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Scattered Radiation ◽  
Unit Volume ◽  
Solid Angle ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Absorption Of Light ◽  
Original Direction ◽  
Gaseous Media

Sections 1 and 2.—Lord Rayleigh showed, in 1871, that when radiation travels through a medium containing small particles whose dimensions are small compared with the wave-length, each of these sets up a secondary disturbance which travels in all directions at the expense of the energy in the original direction. Various hypotheses of the æther and of the molecule agree in giving for the scattered radiation near an element of volume an expression of the form I (0, θ ) - μ ( θ ) E = ½ π 2 ( n 2 ─ 1) 2 λ -4 (1+cos 2 θ ) E/N, (1) where ω I (0, θ ) is the intensity contained in a small solid angle ω in a direction θ with the direction of the original beam E; n is the refractive index of the gas, N the number of molecules per unit volume, and λ the wave-length of the incident radiation.

Application of the turbidity ratio method in the spherical particle size determination in the range m ∈ and α ∈

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 2064-2078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blahoslav Sedláček ◽  
Břetislav Verner ◽  
Miroslav Bárta ◽  
Karel Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Spherical Particle ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Relative Refractive Index ◽  
Particle Size Determination ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Given ◽  
Turbidity Ratio ◽  
Selection Of

Basic scattering functions were used in a novel calculation of the turbidity ratios for particles having the relative refractive index m = 1.001, 1.005 (0.005) 1.315 and the size α = 0.05 (0.05) 6.00 (0.10) 15.00 (0.50) 70.00 (1.00) 100, where α = πL/λ, L is the diameter of the spherical particle, λ = Λ/μ1 is the wavelength of light in a medium with the refractive index μ1 and Λ is the wavelength of light in vacuo. The data are tabulated for the wavelength λ = 546.1/μw = 409.357 nm, where μw is the refractive index of water. A procedure has been suggested how to extend the applicability of Tables to various refractive indices of the medium and to various turbidity ratios τa/τb obtained with the individual pairs of wavelengths λa and λb. The selection of these pairs is bound to the sequence condition λa = λ0χa and λb = λ0χb, in which b-a = δ = 1, 2, 3; a = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ..., b = a + δ = -1, 0, 1, 2, ...; λ0 = λa=0 = 326.675 nm; χ = 546.1 : 435.8 = 1.2531 is the quotient of the given sequence.

scholarly journals Electrically Induced Liquid–Liquid Phase Transition in a Floating Water Bridge Identified by Refractive Index Variations

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 602
Author(s):  
Elmar C. Fuchs ◽  
Jakob Woisetschläger ◽  
Adam D. Wexler ◽  
Rene Pecnik ◽  
Giuseppe Vitiello
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Resonance Effect ◽  
Water Bridge ◽  
Liquid Phase Transition ◽  
Light Passing ◽  
Floating Water Bridge ◽  
Set Up

A horizontal electrohydrodynamic (EHD) liquid bridge (also known as a “floating water bridge”) is a phenomenon that forms when high voltage DC (kV·cm−1) is applied to pure water in two separate beakers. The bridge, a free-floating connection between the beakers, acts as a cylindrical lens and refracts light. Using an interferometric set-up with a line pattern placed in the background of the bridge, the light passing through is split into a horizontally and a vertically polarized component which are both projected into the image space in front of the bridge with a small vertical offset (shear). Apart from a 100 Hz waviness due to a resonance effect between the power supply and vortical structures at the onset of the bridge, spikes with an increased refractive index moving through the bridge were observed. These spikes can be explained by an electrically induced liquid–liquid phase transition in which the vibrational modes of the water molecules couple coherently.

Study the Nonlinearity Characteristics of Organic-Semiconductor (CuPc) Prepared Via Pulsed Laser Deposition Technique with Different Thickness

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed T. Hussein ◽  
Reem R. Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Pulsed Laser Deposition ◽  
Copper Phthalocyanine ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Pulsed Laser ◽  
Laser Deposition ◽  
Deposition Technique ◽  
Linear Refractive Index ◽  
Non Linear

The optical absorption spectrum, Photoluminesces, and non-linear optical properties for Copper Phthalocyanine (CuPc) thin films (150,300 and 450 nm) respectively have been investigated via pulsed laser deposition technique. The absorption spectrum indicted that there are two bands one in UV around 330 nm which called B-band and the second in Visible around 650nm which called Q-band. Photoluminescence spectrum related to deposit samples has been determined with different thicknesses. From closed and open aperture Z-scan data non-linear absorption coefficient and non-linear refractive index have been calculated respectively using He-Ne laser which have beam waist of (24.2 μm), wave-length of (632.8 nm) and Rayleigh thickness was 2.9 mm. Through dividing closed by open apertures, non-linear refractive index was calculated accurately. Finally, the study also showed the suitability of the deposited films as an optical limiter at the wavelength 632.8 nm.

Benchmarking DFT approaches for the calculation of polarizability inputs for refractive index predictions in organic polymers

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 4452-4460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Atif Faiz Afzal ◽  
Johannes Hachmann
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
High Index ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Organic Polymers ◽  
Dft Model

We benchmark DFT model chemistries to identify approaches that optimize the balance between accuracy and efficiency for this virtual high-throughput studies of polymers with high index of refraction.

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