scholarly journals V. On the structure of the gills of the Lamellibranchia

1903 ◽  
Vol 195 (207-213) ◽  
pp. 147-284 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Gill Structure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modern Treatment ◽  
Gill Lamellae ◽  
The Comparative Study

The comparative study of the gill structure of the Lamellibranchia may be said to date from 1875. Williams, it is true, had in 1854 published two papers on the subject, but owing to the fact that the morphological relations of the gill lamellæ to the gill axis and to other parts of the body were not then understood, and owing to the somewhat wild and fantastic mode of argument affected by this author, they cannot claim to be seriously regarded as the first important contribution to the literature of the subject. The few remarks on the different types of Lamellibranch gills made by Leuckart in 1848 (p. 113), Hancock in 1853 (p. 290), and Duvernoy in 1854 (p. 37) are of interest only from an historical point of view, and do not come within the range of the modern treatment of the subject; and the excellent figures and remarks on gill structure made by Deshayes in 1844-1848 cannot claim to be considered in the present connection, being purely descriptive and not comparative. It was Posner who first attempted a systematic investigation of the subject, and in his memoir of 1875 he discussed, not very astutely, the minute structure of the gills of Anodonta and eleven other genera of bivalve Mollusca. Some fifteen months later Peck, who in 1875, independently of Posner’s work, had commenced a similar investigation, published his important observations on the gills of Area, Mytilus, Dreissensia and Anodonta . It was this paper which first placed the comparative study of the gills upon a sound basis. The investigation was conducted in the laboratory of Professor Ray Lankester and under his direction, and the working hypothesis around which the paper was written, and which has stood the test of time ever since, was, as the author explains, supplied by Professor Lankester. An adequate terminology was propounded for the grosser and finer parts of the gill, and this terminology remains in general use at the present day.

Representation of a Human Body: A Comparison Study between Balinese and Javanese Traditional House

Humaniora ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Ayu Wulandari ◽  
Ade Ariyani Sari Fajarwati
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Architectural Drawing ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Head Area

The research would look further at the representation of the human body in both Balinese and Javanese traditional houses and compared the function and meaning of each part. To achieve the research aim, which was to evaluate and compare the representation of the human body in Javanese and Balinese traditional houses, a qualitative method through literature and descriptive analysis study was conducted. A comparative study approach would be used with an in-depth comparative study. It would revealed not only the similarities but also the differences between both subjects. The research shows that both traditional houses represent the human body in their way. From the architectural drawing top to bottom, both houses show the same structure that is identical to the human body; head at the top, followed by the body, and feet at the bottom. However, the comparative study shows that each area represents a different meaning. The circulation of the house is also different, while the Balinese house is started with feet and continued to body and head area. Simultaneously, the Javanese house is started with the head, then continued to body, and feet area.

Der strībhedavarana-khaa in der Padumāvatī des Malik Muammad Jāyasī

1975 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-221
Author(s):  
Dieter B. Kapp
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Sanskrit Literature ◽  
Literary Source ◽  
Erotic Literature ◽  
Narrative Literature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Individual Interpretation

AbstractThe present article is concerned with “the chapter of the description of the [four] categories of women”, the strībhedavarana-khaa, which comprises the stanzas 463–467 of the great romantic poem Padumāvatī. It was composed ca. 1540 A.D. by the Muslim poet Malik Muammad Jāyasī, the most significant representative of the ūfī poets of Oudh, in Old Avadhi, the language of his native country.This study opens with a general introduction about the author and his chef-d'œuvre, which also gives the contents of the epic. The subject dealt with here is introduced by a short synopsis on the tradition of the description of the four categories of women, i.e. padminī, citriī, śakhinī, and hastinī, in Sanskrit erotic literature. Text and translation of the strībhedavarana-khaa, together with exhaustive notes, form the greater part of this article. The notes which appear after the translation of each verse, aim mainly at comparing Jāyasī's conception of the four categories of women with those held by authors of Sanskrit texts on this subject. For purpose of comparison, more than ten Sanskrit texts, beginning with Kokkoka's Ratirahasya, which was composed before 1200 A.D., have been cited. Besides, various quotations both from Sanskrit literature and from Arabic narrative literature have been given as illustrative examples, particularly in those cases, where no parallels for specific details in Jāyasī's description could be found in the Sanskrit texts referred to.The comparison of Jāyasī's conception of the four categories of women with those held by Kokkoka and his epigones, points to the conclusion that probably Jāyasī has not used any definite literary source for writing this particular chapter, but rather has relied upon possibly wide-spread popular traditions of this system of classification of women.Two conspicuous peculiarities in Jāyasī's very detailed description which are worthy of special note, have been discussed at the conclusion of the introductory remarks. The first is the “confusion” of the termini sakhinī and sighinī, that has been imputed to the poet by several editors of his œuvre; from my point of view, however, this “confusion” was fully intended by the author. The second peculiarity is Jāyasī's apparently individual interpretation of the so-called “sixteen śgāras”, i.e. “methods of decoration of the body”, which combined with the “twelve ābharaas”, i.e. “ornaments”, are generally known as the complete ornamentation of woman. According to Jāyasī, the “sixteen śgāras” are the “sixteen physical refinements”, divided into four groups: (1) four parts of the body (in the widest sense of the word) having “longness”, i.e. hair, fingers, eyes, neck, (2) four having “shortness”, i.e. teeth, breasts, forehead, navel, (3) four having “broadness”, i.e. cheeks, buttocks, arms, calves, and (4) four having “slenderness”, i.e. nose, waist, belly, lips.

scholarly journals Further Thoughts on the Location where Narmer probably Buried

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohai Xu
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Character ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Construction Technique ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Mortise And Tenon ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The Way

In my point of view, the construction technique of mortise-and-tenon joinery in China may come from Egypt. And we can get a hypothesis that Narmer (Yu the Great) may use the Egyptian boats to come to Zhejiang, China (中国浙江). Besides, in my point of view, the single-log coffin in the Royal Mausoleum of Yue Kingdom on the Seal Mount resembles Abydos boats in meaning and shape. By the way, from the remains of Narmer (Yu the Great) in China and Japan, it can further prove hyperdiffusionism from Egypt by Grafton Elliot Smith. Besides, a series of conclusions can be drawn from the comparative study of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyph characters and ancient Chinese characters: the hieroglyph name of eighth nome of Upper Egypt is the Chinese character Ji(冀). The ancient Abydos city is the Yang (阳) city which was the capital of Chinese recorded several Emperors, Yao (Iry-Hor/Ro), Shun (Ka/Sekhen), Yu (Narmer). Furthermore, we can get a conclusion that Double Phoenixes Greeting the Sun in the archway in Yu mausoleum (大禹陵) resembles winged sun disk symbol in Egypt in meaning and shape. By the way, in my point of view, wupeng boat(乌篷船) resembles the unique and striking black boat of Tomb 100, the oldest tomb with painted decoration on its plaster walls at Nekhen. So in this paper and the previous paper the Location where Narmer probably buried, I can get a hypothesis that Yu(Narmer) chose Fanshan (反山) as his tomb at first , but died while on a hunting tour to the eastern frontier of his empire, so the fleet used the wood pile to fasten the Wupeng boat(乌篷船), and used the Wupeng boat(乌篷船) to carry the body of Narmer(Yu the Great), used Burying Stones(窆石) to bury him in Yu mausoleum (大禹陵) , Mount Kuaiji (会稽山) , south of present-day Shaoxing (绍兴).

scholarly journals SEMANTICS OF VISUAL PERCEPTION VERBS IN THE ERZYA-MORDVIN AND FINNISH LANGUAGES

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Natalya Michailovna Mosina ◽  
Nina Valentinovna Kazaeva
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Perception Verbs ◽  
Verbal Group ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Gustatory Perception

The subject of this paper is visual perception verbs in the Erzya-Mordvin and Finnish languages from the point of view of their semantic characteristics in comparison. Depending on the leading role of the sensory system, which, along with the visual system, plays a major role in perception, one distinguishes between auditory, tactile, olfactory and gustatory perception. This verbal group has a sensuous level of interrelations. Being verbs of perception, they are aimed at objects that have physical characteristics, whereas many of them are focused on the perception of concepts. In this regard, the verbs of perception develop a polysemy that goes in different directions. The novelty of the research lies in the comparative study of the lexical level of the Erzya-Mordvin and Finnish languages, which will allow us to tackle some theoretic aspects of Finno-Ugric linguistics in the future. The problem associated with the study of the semantics of perception verbs, or perceptual activity, is of relevance. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to describe the structure of the semantic field of verbs of one aspect of perception, namely the visual one: to determine the nuclear and peripheral verbal units using the material of the languages under study; to describe the system of meanings of verbal lexemes in the Erzya and Finnish languages, to analyze the polysemy of the studied verbal group in each of the above languages; to reveal additional semantic connotations in verbal lexemes; of particular interest is also the comparative study of the specifics of expression of the same semantic meaning in the context of far-related languages, in this case, Erzya and Finnish.

scholarly journals Social-Epistemic Rhetoric of (Un)certainty in Biomedical and Psychiatric Scientific Academic Writing: a Diatextual Analysis

Human Arenas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia Manuti ◽  
Giuseppe Mininni ◽  
Rosa Scardigno ◽  
Ignazio Grattagliano
Keyword(s):  
Medical Journal ◽  
Academic Writing ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Epistemic Rhetoric

Abstract In line with the general aims of scientific textuality, research papers in the biomedical and psychiatric academic domains mostly attempt to demonstrate the validity of their assumptions and to contrast with the sense of uncertainty that sometimes frames their conclusions. Moving from this premise, the present paper aimed to focus on these features and to investigate if and the extent to which biomedical and psychiatric texts convey different social-epistemic rhetoric of uncertainty. In view of this, a qualitative study was conducted adopting diatextual analysis to investigate a corpus of 298 scientific articles taken from the British Medical Journal and from the British Journal of Psychiatry published in 2013. Our analytical approach led to identifying two different types of social-epistemic rhetoric. The first one was mostly oriented to “describing” the world, accounting for the body-mind nexus as conceptualized within the “medical” point of view. On the other hand, the second one was oriented to “interpreting” the world, debating the problematic and critical features of the body-mind relationship as developed within the psychiatry discursive realm.

Wilhelm Bacher’s Place in the History of Hebrew Linguistics

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aron Dotan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Critical Measure ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Historical Treatment ◽  
Hebrew Linguistics

Summary The comparative study of languages goes back at least as far as to the work of Hebrew grammarians of the 10th century; consequently, medieval Hebrew linguistics should receive more attention within the general history of linguistics than it has generally been given. Wilhelm Bacher’s (1850–1913) role in the study of the history of Hebrew linguistics was decisive; the two recently reprinted volumes, Die Anfänge der hebräischen Grammatik (1895) and Die hebräische Sprachwissenschaft vom 10. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert (1892), constitute important contributions to the field. The extensive bibliography of Bacher added to the reprintings under review supplies an idea of the scope of Bacher’s scholarship in general, and of his contribution to the study of medieval linguistics in particular. The present article surveys this latter aspect of Bacher’s work, covering his text editions and monographic studies. This is concluded up by a chronological overview of all medieval linguists treated by Bacher and a list of his books translated into Hebrew. In the remainder of the article the two reprinted works are evaluated individually, the chronological span and the nature of their approach to the subject matter are compared, and an attempt is made to analyze Bacher’s methods in collecting his material and in preparing it for scholarly presentation. There follows an evaluation of Bacher’s studies in the light of present-day scholarship in the historical treatment of Hebrew linguistics. Finally, critical measure is taken of the introductory article prefaced to the reprint of Bacher’s works.

A propósito del cuerpo, desde una perspectiva psicoanalítica. / A purpose of the body, from a psychoanalytic perspective.

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (04) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Rosa Lagos Torres
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychoanalytic Perspective ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Relationship

Este artículo muestra los efectos de la época y la cultura actual sobre la relación con el cuerpo, considerado como una unidad de valor en el mercado. Desde el psicoanálisis, en un recorrido por la noción de cuerpo tanto en Freud como en Lacan, se presenta una noción de cuerpo distinta a la de la medicina, diferenciando cuerpo y organismo, estableciendo que no hay El cuerpo, sino tantos cuerpos como sujetos, siendo el cuerpo concebido como una construcción a partir de la palabra y de la imagen, dando lugar al síntoma (Freud) como metáfora alojada en el cuerpo y como sinthome (Lacan) en tanto acontecimiento del cuerpo que empalma al sujeto con su modalidad de gozar, al hablante ser en su singular modalidad de satisfacción pulsional. This paper shows the effects of the times and the current culture on the relationship with the body, considered as a unit of value in the market. From the psychoanalysis point of view, on a tour of the notion of the body, with Freud, and Lacan both, the notion of body is different from the body presented by the medicine, distinguishing between body and organism. Stating that there is not A body, but many bodies as subjects, being the body, conceived as a construction from the word and the image, resulting in the symptom (Freud) and housed in the body as a metaphor and as a sinthome (Lacan) in all events of the body, that matches the subject with its way jouissance to the parletre in its singular modality of pulsional satisfaction.

scholarly journals The origin of osmotic effects

1906 ◽  
Vol 78 (524) ◽  
pp. 264-271 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ionic Dissociation ◽  
Limited Class ◽  
Marked Activity ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Osmotic Effects

The result of the comparative study of enzymes and acids as hydrolysts may be held to be that an explanation based on an association hypothesis may be given of their action which is simple and rational and in accordance with the facts. The explanation which has been advocated from the point of view of the ionic dissociation hypothesis, if not inadmissible, is altogether improbable; moreover, whilst this hypothesis is applicable to the explanation of but a very limited class of chemical interactions and is .in no way a necessary hypothesis, the assumption that association rather than dissociation is the condition precedent of change appears to afford a sufficient explanation of chemical interchanges in general, of whatever kind. It is desirable, therefore, to consider somewhat closely what may be the behaviour of salts in solution, in order that their marked activity in comparison with that of non-electrolytes may be accounted for. It is well known that salts in solution and indeed electrolytes generally produce effects, in lowering the freezing point or the vapour pressure, for example, which are abnormally large in comparison with those which are produced by non-electrolytes. It has therefore been assumed that electrolytes are more or less dissociated in solution into ions which play the part of individual molecules. It is neither desirable to dwell on the inherent improbability of the conception nor to enter into any discussion of the hypothesis, beyond saying that it is difficult to discover any argument of which it is the unavoidable consequence among the reasons put forward in support of its acceptance, as these are inconclusive when not based on uncertain premises; my object is to consider an alternative explanation.

Die Rechtsphilosophie Gustav Radbruchs unter dem Einfluss von Emil Lask

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
Epistemological Foundation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fundamental Distinction ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Kantian Philosophy

It is well known that Gustav Radbruch’s philosophy of law is significantly influenced by the neo-Kantian philosophy of Rickert’s student Emil Lask. However, so far, there has been no systematic investigation of the question of which aspects of Lark’s analyses of legal philosophy, cultural philosophy and epistemology are important to Radbruch’s philosophy of law. The monograph endeavors to close this gap. Its structure orients itself towards a fundamental distinction between the scientific knowledge of the subject and the subject itself. The topic of the first part is the epistemological foundation of the philosophy and science of law; the second part deals with the justification of law itself. In the third part, the developments in the legal philosophical thoughts of Radbruch and Lask are analysed from the point of view of their relationship to the neo-Kantian tradition. The result also offers a new perspective on the much-discussed “transformation” in Radbruch’s legal philosophy.

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