scholarly journals Ambient temperature and algal prey type affect essential fatty acid incorporation and trophic upgrading in a herbivorous marine copepod

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1804) ◽  
pp. 20200039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Helenius ◽  
Suzanne M. Budge ◽  
Heather Nadeau ◽  
Catherine L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Prey Type ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Marine Copepod ◽  
Gross Growth Efficiency

The essential fatty acids (EFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are critical nutrients for all organisms, and the temperature sensitivity of their trophic transfer in marine systems is of concern because of rising ocean temperatures. Laboratory-reared copepodites of the marine calanoid Calanus finmarchicus were used to test the effects of temperature (at 6°C, 12°C and increasing temperature stress) and prey type (the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra and the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii ) on the extent and efficiency of dietary EPA and DHA incorporation from phytoplankton to copepods in a set of feeding experiments using 13 C labelling. Temperature was a significant determinant of C . finmarchicus copepodites' EFA incorporation and gross growth efficiency, defined as the fraction of ingested EFA retained in copepod tissue. Ingestion and incorporation of both EFA were higher at warmer temperature, except in the case of DHA in copepods feeding on diatoms. DHA-associated growth efficiency was higher at the higher temperature for copepodites consuming the dinoflagellate, but temperature-related variation in algal EFA content was also a predictive factor. Moreover, our results strongly suggest that copepodites are capable of synthesizing EPA when consuming an EPA-depleted diet. Our study implies that the copepod link of marine food webs is resilient in terms of EFA transfer when confronted with alterations of ambient temperature and prey type availability. Measurements presented here are critical for estimating how EFA transfer dynamics respond to intra- and interannual environmental variability. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The next horizons for lipids as ‘trophic biomarkers’: evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids’.

Lipids at the plant–animal interface: a stable isotope labelling method to evaluate the assimilation of essential fatty acids in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Helenius ◽  
Suzanne Budge ◽  
Steven Duerksen ◽  
Emmanuel Devred ◽  
Catherine L Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Marine Food Webs ◽  
Marine Copepod ◽  
Marine Food

Abstract Linking production, transfer and subsequent bioavailability of nutritionally significant matter from phytoplankton to higher trophic levels is a fundamental aspect in understanding marine food webs. The plant–animal interface is of interest because of the highly variable transfer between producers and consumers, and the myriad of factors that influence it. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are dietary nutrients that are necessary for normal function in all consumers, yet it remains unclear how efficiently they are transferred through marine food webs. We introduced a 13C-labelled carbon source to the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina to quantify primary production of two omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We investigated transfer and assimilation efficiencies of these EFAs from phytoplankton to the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus in an 8-day feeding experiment. We found low production of both EFAs in R. salina. Assimilation efficiencies of both EFAs ranged from 5 to 15% throughout the experiment, remaining slightly higher on average for DHA. This was mirrored in more efficient trophic transfer of DHA (up to 28%, compared to 13% for EPA). These results add to previously scarce experiments empirically quantifying the assimilation and transfer efficiency of EFAs in a basic marine planktonic food chain.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress in Dog with Heart Failure: The Role of Dietary Fatty Acids and Antioxidants

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Sagols ◽  
Nathalie Priymenko
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
The One

In dogs with heart failure, cell oxygenation and cellular metabolism do not work properly, leading to the production of a large amount of free radicals. In the organism, these free radicals are responsible of major cellular damages: this is oxidative stress. However, a suitable food intake plays an important role in limiting this phenomenon: on the one hand, the presence of essential fatty acids in the composition of membranes decreases sensitivity of cells to free radicals and constitutes a first protection against the oxidative stress; on the other hand, coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, and polyphenols are antioxidant molecules which can help cells to neutralize these free radicals.

scholarly journals The Effect of Essential Fatty Acids for the Somatic Growth in Nauplii of Calanus finmarchicus

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øystein Leiknes ◽  
Siv A. Etter ◽  
Nils E. Tokle ◽  
Maria Bergvik ◽  
Olav Vadstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus

scholarly journals Artificial rearing of pigs

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Newport ◽  
J. E. Storry ◽  
B. Tuckley
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Medium Chain Triglyceride ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Chain Elongation ◽  
Protein Nitrogen

1. Pigs were weaned at 2 d of age and fed on a milk substitute at hourly intervals. They were slaughtered at 28 d of age.2. The diets contained 730 g dried skim-milk and 270 g fat/kg dry matter (DM). Three diets were compared in which the fat was supplied as soya-bean oil (SO) (diet A), equal amounts of SO and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) (diet H), or 246 g MCT and 24 g SO (diet I)/kg DM. In the latter diet, SO ensured that the diet had an adequate content of essential fatty acids.3. Growth rate (2–28 d of age) was reduced (P < 0.05) by the high-MCT diet (diet I) compared with the medium-MCT diet (diet H), but in comparison with diet A, the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). The feed: gain ratio (g DM consumed/g live-weight gain) was not affected by the type of dietary lipid.4. Diet I increased the proportion of crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) (g/kg wet weight) in the carcass but did not increase N retention (g/d per kg live weight). The proportion of fat in the carcass was reduced, particularly by diet I (P < 0.001), and was inversely related to an increase mainly in the water content, and to a lesser extent, in the crude protein content of the carcass. The liver weight (g/kg live wt) was greatly increased by MCT (P < 0.01 or P < 0.001).5. Approximately 20, 44 and 80% of the fatty acids in the carcass of pigs on the SO, diet H and diet I respectively could not have been derived from direct deposition of the dietary fatty acids, but rather by de novo synthesis from carbohydrate or elongation of shorter-chain fatty acids.MCT increased the concentrations in the blood, taken 1 h after feeding, of total lipid, phospholipid, cholesterol and cholesterol ester, indicating incomplete oxidation of the caprylic and caprylic and capric acids in MCT by the liver, and their incorporation, after chain elongation, into plasma lipids.

scholarly journals Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Risk. Evidence, Lack of Evidence, and Diligence

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3782
Author(s):  
Francesco Visioli ◽  
Andrea Poli
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Critical Feature ◽  
Nutrition Research

One of the most controversial areas of nutrition research relates to fats, particularly essential fatty acids, in the context of cardiovascular disease risk. A critical feature of dietary fatty acids is that they incorporate into the plasma membrane, modifying fluidity and key physiological functions. Importantly, they can reshape the bioavailability of eicosanoids and other lipid mediators, which direct cellular responses to external stimuli, such as inflammation and chronic stress conditions. This paper provides an overview of the most recent evidence, as well as historical controversies, linking fat consumption with human health and disease. We underscore current pitfalls in the area of fatty acid research and critically frame fatty acid intake in the larger context of diet and behavior. We conclude that fundamental research on fatty acids and lipids is appropriate in certain areas, but the rigor and reproducibility are lacking in others. The pros and cons are highlighted throughout the review, seeking to guide future research on the important area of nutrition, fat intake, and cardiovascular disease risk.

The Role of Essential Fatty Acids in Human Health

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norris R. Glick ◽  
Milton H. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Membrane Structure ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Vital Functions

Fatty acid research began about 90 years ago but intensified in recent years. Essential fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic) must come from diet. Other fatty acids may come from diet or may be synthesized. Fatty acids are major components of cell membrane structure, modulate gene transcription, function as cytokine precursors, and serve as energy sources in complex, interconnected systems. It is increasingly apparent that dietary fatty acids influence these vital functions and affect human health. While the strongest evidence for influence is found in cardiovascular disease and mental health, many additional conditions are affected. Problematic changes in the fatty acid composition of human diet have also taken place over the last century. This review summarizes current understanding of the pervasive roles of essential fatty acids and their metabolites in human health.

scholarly journals A generalized approach for simulating growth and development in diverse marine copepod species

2011 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Maps ◽  
Andrew J. Pershing ◽  
Nicholas R. Record
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Copepod Species ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Marine Copepod ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Maps, F., Pershing, A. J., and Record, N. R. 2012. A generalized approach for simulating growth and development in diverse marine copepod species. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 370–379. Predicting ecological changes under climate change requires mechanistic descriptions of the impact of environmental conditions on the physiology, life history, and population dynamics of target species. A generic framework has been developed to simulate the growth and development of copepods, a critical link in pelagic ecosystems that connects environmental variability and changes in primary production with higher trophic levels. The modelled copepods, referred to as “compupods”, are described by their body mass and developmental stage. The dynamics of the compupods are determined by three core equations: universal temperature-dependence, Holling's type II ingestion, and allometric scaling. This general framework was applied to four copepod taxa: Pseudocalanus newmani, Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis, and C. hyperboreus, spanning a wide range of body sizes. A genetic algorithm procedure was used to estimate the unknown parameters required to produce a good fit to observed species-specific growth and development data. The performance of the model was evaluated by comparing the influence of food and temperature on ingestion, gut clearance, and egg production rates with published relationships. Simulations of the four species suggest that small changes in the trade-off between growth and development are responsible for the interspecific diversity observed.

Postprandial Activation of Coagulant Factor VII by Long-chain Dietary Fatty Acids

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (03) ◽  
pp. 369-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
T A B Sanders ◽  
G J Miller ◽  
Tamara de Grassi ◽  
Najat Yahia
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Postprandial Lipaemia ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Coagulant Activity ◽  
Long Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Long Chain

SummaryFactor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc) is associated with an increased risk of fatal ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Several reports have suggested that dietary fat intake or hypertriglyceridaemia are associated with elevated levels of FVII. This study demonstrates that an intake of long-chain fatty acids sufficient to induce postprandial lipaemia in healthy subjects leads to a substantial elevation in both FVIIc and the concentration of FVII circulating in the activated form. Such an increase in FVIIc could not be induced by medium-chain triglycerides. These results suggest that the consumption of a sufficient amount of long-chain triglycerides to induce postprandial lipaemia induces the activation of FVII.

Neonatal nutritional strategy of a viviparous elasmobranch with extremely low reproductive output

2020 ◽  
Vol 638 ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Rangel ◽  
NE Hussey ◽  
Y Niella ◽  
LA Martinelli ◽  
AD Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Nutritional State ◽  
Disc Width ◽  
Biomarker Analysis

Throughout evolutionary history, elasmobranchs have developed diverse reproductive strategies. Little focused work, however, has addressed how neonatal nutritional state is affected by differing degrees of maternal investment associated with these markedly different reproductive strategies. To investigate the effect of maternal investment on the nutritional quality of pups during the early life history of an extremely viviparous elasmobranch, quantitative biomarker analysis including lipids, fatty acids and stable isotopes was conducted. Using the cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus (histotrophic viviparous) as a model, we found that pups were initially born in a positive nutritional state, enriched in physiologically important essential fatty acids and nitrogen and carbon stable isotope values (δ15N and δ13C), a result of maternal intrauterine transfer. A systematic decrease in some fatty acids and δ15N values, as well as a decrease in cholesterol with growth, confirmed that these substrates were derived from maternal resources and used in initial metabolic processes following birth. An observed increase in condition factor, plasma essential fatty acids and triglyceride:cholesterol ratio with increasing body size identified a progression towards successful independent foraging with pups not displaying marked nutritional deficiency or fasting phases. Our multi-tracer approach allowed the identification of 2 size classes of young rays (<50 and <70 cm disc width) that displayed distinct physiological states. Since prenatal maternal investment is critical for offspring condition and to promote successful foraging post birth, understanding the trophic ecology and physiological state of pups during their first year is critical to guide management and conservation within nursery grounds.

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