scholarly journals Good host - bad host: molecular and evolutionary basis for survival, its failure, and virulence factors of the zoonotic nematode Anisakis pegreffii

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Željka Trumbić ◽  
Jerko Hrabar ◽  
Nikola Palevich ◽  
Vincenzo Carbone ◽  
Ivona Mladineo
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Paratenic Host ◽  
Early Carboniferous ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Therapy Targets ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Accidental Host ◽  
Gain Loss ◽  
Complex Scenario

AbstractParasitism is a highly successful life strategy and a driving force in genetic diversity that has evolved many times over. Consequently, parasitic organisms have adopted a rich display of traits associated with survival that guarantees an effective “communication” with the host immunity and a balance with surrounding microbiome. However, gain/loss of hosts along the evolutionary axis represents a complex scenario that as contemporary onlookers, we can observe only after a long time displacement. The zoonotic and monophyletic Anisakidae diverged from its terrestrial sister group Ascarididae 150-250 Ma, although a split from their common ancestral host, a terrestrial amniote, seemingly happened already in Early Carboniferous (360.47 Ma). Faced with the sea-level rise during the Permian-Triassic extinction (215 Ma), anisakids acquired a semiaquatic tetrapod host, and as a result of lateral host-switches in Cenozoic, colonised marine mammals, co-evolving with their “new hosts”. Although contemporary anisakids have lost the ability to propagate in terrestrial hosts, they can survive for a limited time in humans. To scrutinize anisakid versatility to infect evolutionary-distant host, we performed transcriptomic profiling of larvae infecting the accidental host (rat) and compared it to that of larvae infecting an evolutionary-familiar, paratenic host (fish). Identified differences and the modeling of handful of shared transcripts, provides the first insights into evolution of larval nematode virulence, warranting further investigation of shared transcript as potential drug therapy targets. Our findings have also revealed some key intrinsic cues that direct larval fate during infection.

scholarly journals Chelonicola and Poulinea, two new gomphonemoid diatom genera (Bacillariophyta) living on marine turtles from Costa Rica

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 233 (3) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roksana Majewska ◽  
J. P. Kociolek ◽  
Evan W. Thomas ◽  
Mario De Stefano ◽  
Mario Santoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Olive Ridley ◽  
Lepidochelys Olivacea ◽  
Marine Turtles ◽  
The Family ◽  
Long Time

Marine mammals such as whales and dolphins have been known for a long time to host a very specific epizoic community on their skin. Less known however is the presence of a similar community on the carapaces of sea turtles. The present study is the first describing new taxa inhabiting sea turtle carapaces. Samples, collected from nesting olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) on Ostional Beach (Costa Rica), were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Two unknown small-celled gomphonemoid taxa were analysed in more detail and are described as two new genera, closely related to other gomphonemoid genera with septate girdle bands, such as Tripterion, Cuneolus and Gomphoseptatum. Chelonicola Majewska, De Stefano & Van de Vijver gen. nov. has a flat valve face, uniseriate striae composed of more than three areolae, simple external raphe endings, internally a siliceous flap over the proximal raphe endings and lives on mucilaginous stalks. Poulinea Majewska, De Stefano & Van de Vijver gen. nov. has at least one concave valve, uniseriate striae composed of only two elongated areolae, external distal raphe endings covered by thickened siliceous flaps and lives attached to the substrate by a mucilaginous pad. Chelonicola costaricensis Majewska, De Stefano & Van de Vijver sp. nov. and Poulinea lepidochelicola Majewska, De Stefano & Van de Vijver sp. nov. can be separated based on stria structure, girdle structure composed of more than 10 copulae, raphe structure and general valve outline. A cladistics analysis of putative members of the Rhoicospheniaceae indicates that the family is polyphyletic. Chelonicola and Poulinea are sister taxa, and form a monophyletic group with Cuneolus and Tripterion, but are not closely related to Rhoicosphenia, or other genera previously assigned to this family. Features used to help diagnose the family such as symmetry and presence of septa and pseudosepta are homoplastic across the raphid diatom tree of life.

scholarly journals Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke-Ke Xu ◽  
Qing-Ping Chen ◽  
Sam Pedro Galilee Ayivi ◽  
Jia-Yin Guan ◽  
Kenneth B. Storey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Stick Insects ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genomes

Insects of the order Phasmatodea are mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics and are best known for their remarkable camouflage as plants. In this study, we sequenced three complete mitochondrial genomes from three different families: Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis. The lengths of the three mitochondrial genomes were 15,896 bp, 16,869 bp, and 17,005 bp, respectively, and the gene composition and structure of the three stick insects were identical to those of the most recent common ancestor of insects. The phylogenetic relationships among stick insects have been chaotic for a long time. In order to discuss the intra- and inter-ordinal relationship of Phasmatodea, we used the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of 85 species for maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses. Results showed that the internal topological structure of Phasmatodea had a few differences in both ML and BI trees and long-branch attraction (LBA) appeared between Embioptera and Zoraptera, which led to a non-monophyletic Phasmatodea. Consequently, after removal of the Embioptera and Zoraptera species, we re-performed ML and BI analyses with the remaining 81 species, which showed identical topology except for the position of Tectarchus ovobessus (Phasmatodea). We recovered the monophyly of Phasmatodea and the sister-group relationship between Phasmatodea and Mantophasmatodea. Our analyses also recovered the monophyly of Heteropterygidae and the paraphyly of Diapheromeridae, Phasmatidae, Lonchodidae, Lonchodinae, and Clitumninae. In this study, Peruphasma schultei (Pseudophasmatidae), Phraortes sp. YW-2014 (Lonchodidae), and species of Diapheromeridae clustered into the clade of Phasmatidae. Within Heteropterygidae, O. guangxiensis was the sister clade to O. mouhotii belonging to Dataminae, and the relationship of (Heteropteryginae + (Dataminae + Obriminae)) was recovered.

scholarly journals Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses re-write the evolution of parasitism within cynipoid wasps

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie B. Blaimer ◽  
Dietrich Gotzek ◽  
Seán G. Brady ◽  
Matthew L. Buffington
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Dominant Strategy ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Insect Order ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses

Abstract Background Parasitoidism, a specialized life strategy in which a parasite eventually kills its host, is frequently found within the insect order Hymenoptera (wasps, ants and bees). A parasitoid lifestyle is one of two dominant life strategies within the hymenopteran superfamily Cynipoidea, with the other being an unusual plant-feeding behavior known as galling. Less commonly, cynipoid wasps exhibit inquilinism, a strategy where some species have adapted to usurp other species’ galls instead of inducing their own. Using a phylogenomic data set of ultraconserved elements from nearly all lineages of Cynipoidea, we here generate a robust phylogenetic framework and timescale to understand cynipoid systematics and the evolution of these life histories. Results Our reconstructed evolutionary history for Cynipoidea differs considerably from previous hypotheses. Rooting our analyses with non-cynipoid outgroups, the Paraulacini, a group of inquilines, emerged as sister-group to the rest of Cynipoidea, rendering the gall wasp family Cynipidae paraphyletic. The families Ibaliidae and Liopteridae, long considered archaic and early-branching parasitoid lineages, were found nested well within the Cynipoidea as sister-group to the parasitoid Figitidae. Cynipoidea originated in the early Jurassic around 190 Ma. Either inquilinism or parasitoidism is suggested as the ancestral and dominant strategy throughout the early evolution of cynipoids, depending on whether a simple (three states: parasitoidism, inquilinism and galling) or more complex (seven states: parasitoidism, inquilinism and galling split by host use) model is employed. Conclusions Our study has significant impact on understanding cynipoid evolution and highlights the importance of adequate outgroup sampling. We discuss the evolutionary timescale of the superfamily in relation to their insect hosts and host plants, and outline how phytophagous galling behavior may have evolved from entomophagous, parasitoid cynipoids. Our study has established the framework for further physiological and comparative genomic work between gall-making, inquiline and parasitoid lineages, which could also have significant implications for the evolution of diverse life histories in other Hymenoptera.

The placement of the spider genus Periegops and the phylogeny of Scytodoidea (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3312 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
FACUNDO M. LABARQUE ◽  
MARTÍN J. RAMÍREZ
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Median Lobe ◽  
Posterior Median ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family ◽  
Long Time

The relationships of Scytodoidea, including the families Drymusidae, Periegopidae, Scytodidae and Sicariidae, have been con-tentious for a long time. Here we present a reviewed phylogenetic analysis of scytodoid spiders, emphasizing Periegops, theonly genus in the family Periegopidae. In our analysis the Scytodoidea are united by the fusion of the third abdominal entapo-physes into a median lobe, the presence of female palpal femoral thorns and associated cheliceral stridulatory ridges, a mem-branous lobe on the cheliceral promargin, and the loss of minor ampullate gland spigots. A basal split within Scytodoideadefines two monophyletic groups: Sicariidae and a group formed by Scytodidae as the sister group of Periegopidae plus Dry-musidae, all united by having bipectinate prolateral claws on tarsi I–II, one major ampullate spigot accompanied by a nubbin,and the posterior median spinnerets with a mesal field of spicules. Periegops is the sister group of Drymusidae, united by the regain of promarginal cheliceral teeth and a triangular cheliceral lamina, which is continuous with the paturon margin.

Finding solutions to address legal gaps in the statutory regulation for the handling of marine mammals

2019 ◽  
pp. 479-486
Author(s):  
Elena Leonidovna Vlasova
Keyword(s):  
Group Work ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
Organized Activities ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Internet Resources ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
Statutory Regulation

We center on the finding solutions to address legal gaps in the handling of marine mammals. As it is known, recently the problem of cruel treatment of marine mammals in the Khabarovsk Territory has received wide publicity. However, this problem has developed a long time ago. For several years, with the existence of gaps in legislation in the field of protection and use of marine mammals, there is an illegal fishing and trade of marine animals for lucrative purposes. We discuss the effectiveness of the recent change in criminal legislation in this area. We study the positive experience of the in-terdepartmental group work for the gray whale population protection. We conduct the analysis of the representatives experience of the Altai-Sayan ecoregion in the combat against the suppression of illegal transactions using Internet resources in relation to wildlife objects. We note the desire of large Internet companies to combat the illegal trade of wild animals, including ma-rine mammals. We proposed the cooperation formation between government authorities related to the field of international trade for the detection of marine mammals trade cases. We also propose recommendations on the customs authorities participation in working groups, organized activities to identify offenses against marine mammals.

Bechala sommeri Ilger & Brauckmann, 2012 enlightens the Namurian griffenfly diversity (Insecta: Odonatoptera: Bechalidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Nel ◽  
Jan-Michael Ilger ◽  
Carsten Brauckmann ◽  
Jakub Prokop
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Early Carboniferous ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Late Devonian ◽  
Group Relationships ◽  
New Diagnosis ◽  
Devonian Age ◽  
Early Late ◽  
High Diversity

Bechala sommeriIlger & Brauckmann, 2012, the type species of the type genus of the early Late Carboniferous (Namurian) family Bechalidae Ilger & Brauckmann, 2012, is redescribed. It does not belong to the order Megasecoptera as previously proposed. The taxon is clearly attributable to Odonatoptera for the typical venation characters as CuA separating from MP obliquely, a true arculus with concave RP and convex MA emerging from a composite vein R+MA, short ScP, and presence of convex intercalaries IR2 and IR1 between the main branches of RP3/4, RP2 and RP1. We transfer this taxon with the monospecific family Bechalidae to Odonatoptera. A new diagnosis is given for Bechalidae and its type genus Bechala. Furthermore, the presence of an oblique subnodal crossvein very far from the ending of ScP and close to the base of RP2 confirms the hypothesis that the subnodus is a structure originally independent of the nodus with a different function in relation to wing tracheation. The Bechalidae are included in a clade (Meganeuridae–Sinierasipteridae–Bechalidae–Lapeyridae–Nodialata), in contrast to a sister group relationships between the two clades Meganisoptera (=Namurotypidae–Paralogidae–Kargalotypidae–Kohlwaldiidae–Meganeuridae) and Odonatoclada (=Lapeyridae–Nodialata), while the potential relationships between the Campylopteridae and the Lapeyridae and Nodialata are rejected. Bechala represents a ‘damselfly-like’ ecological niche in the Namurian, showing the high diversity of the earliest known Odonatoptera, strongly suggesting an Early Carboniferous, if not Late Devonian age for this pterygote clade.

scholarly journals Long time no see – rediscovery of peculiar ephemeral fern Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link in Croatia

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
Vedran Šegota ◽  
Vladimir Hršak ◽  
Antun Alegro
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Soil Humidity ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Fern Species

Abstract Anogramma leptophylla is one of the rarest fern species in Balkan Peninsula. In Croatia, several localities were noted prior to this study, when its presence was confirmed with a discovery of a small population on the island of Mljet (Southern Adriatic). This was, after almost 80 years, the first reliable finding of this species along Eastern Adriatic. The establishment of A. leptophylla on the western part of the island of Mljet may be attributable to certain favourable environmental conditions, but essentially to higher air and soil humidity. Its unusual bryophyte-like life strategy, with short-living annual sporophytes, facilitates its survival under Mediterranean climate, generally unfavourable for pteridophytes.

scholarly journals Measuring happiness under interpersonal comparison: An advanced theoretical framework and implications

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261407
Author(s):  
Junyi Chai
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Subjective Happiness ◽  
Interpersonal Comparison ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Self Adaptation ◽  
Gain Loss ◽  
High Payoff

The origin of happiness arouses people’s curiosity for a long time. Recent research introduces a utility theory for measuring subjective happiness in a social context. The past recent monetary conditions influence the present subjective happiness through two distinct channels: interpersonal comparison and self-adaptation. In this paper, we develop this theory to analyze behavioral patterns. Together with prospect theory’s gain-loss utility function, we exploit the theory in predicting psychological phenomena of craving. We explore the relationships between happiness and earnings. Under certain conditions, a high payoff disappoints you immediately and even leads to continuous disappointment across periods. We extend the explanations of the scenarios of New York cabdrivers’ labor-supply decisions. The effect of social comparisons may trigger workers’ behaviors of quit-working, which deepen related understandings of the literature.

Eucritta melanolimnetes from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland, a stem tetrapod showing a mosaic of characteristics

2001 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Clack
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Early Carboniferous ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Hearing Device

The stem tetrapod Eucritta melanolimnetes is described in full from five specimens. The animal is compared in detail with the contemporary and superficially similar temnospondyl Balanerpeton woodi, and with baphetids (=loxommatids). Growth of Eucritta skulls approaches isometry, and lies on the same trajectory as skulls belonging to the genus Baphetes. The function of the temporal embayment is discussed; it was probably not associated with an air-borne hearing device. The axial skeleton of Eucritta was ossified in larger specimens. Ribs in Eucritta gain expanded distal ends with growth, and the animal probably breathed by buccal pumping. An updated cladistic analysis is presented, incorporating data from a fifth specimen. Eucritta remains as a probable basal baphetid, but the sister group to the baphetids remains uncertain.

Two new epizoic Achnanthes species (Bacillariophyta) living on marine turtles from Costa Rica

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roksana Majewska ◽  
Mario De Stefano ◽  
Luc Ector ◽  
Federico Bolaños ◽  
Thomas A. Frankovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Marine Turtles ◽  
Long Time

AbstractIt has been known for a long time that marine mammals, such as whales and dolphins, host a very specific epizoic community on their skin. Whether or not a similar community exists on the carapaces of sea turtles is less studied. The present paper describes two new epizoic diatoms from the genus

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