scholarly journals Assessing the sensitivity of EEG-based frequency-tagging as a metric for statistical learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danna Pinto ◽  
Anat Prior ◽  
Elana Zion Golumbic
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Artificial Language ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Statistical Learning (SL) is hypothesized to play an important role in language development. However, the behavioral measures typically used to assess SL, particularly at the level of individual participants, are largely indirect and often have low sensitivity. Recently, a neural metric based on frequency-tagging has been proposed as an alternative and more direct measure for studying SL. Here we tested the sensitivity of frequency-tagging measures for studying SL in individual participants in an artificial language paradigm, using non-invasive EEG recordings of neural activity in humans. Importantly, we use carefully constructed controls, in order to address potential acoustic confounds of the frequency-tagging approach. We compared the sensitivity of EEG-based metrics to both explicit and implicit behavioral tests of SL, and the correspondence between these presumed converging operations. Group-level results confirm that frequency-tagging can provide a robust indication of SL for an artificial language, above and beyond potential acoustic confounds. However, this metric had very low sensitivity at the level of individual participants, with significant effects found only in 30% of participants. Conversely, the implicit behavior measures indicated that SL has occurred in 70% of participants, which is more consistent with the proposed ubiquitous nature of SL. Moreover, there was low correspondence between the different measures used to assess SL. Taken together, while some researchers may find the frequency-tagging approach suitable for their needs, our results highlight the methodological challenges of assessing SL at the individual level, and the potential confounds that should be taken into account when interpreting frequency-tagged EEG data.

scholarly journals Assessing the sensitivity of EEG-based frequency-tagging as a metric for statistical learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
Danna Pinto ◽  
Anat Prior ◽  
Elana Zion Golumbic
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Artificial Language ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Abstract Statistical Learning (SL) is hypothesized to play an important role in language development. However, the measures typically used to assess SL, particularly at the level of individual participants, are largely indirect and have low sensitivity. Recently, a neural metric based on frequency-tagging has been proposed as an alternative measure for studying SL. We tested the sensitivity of frequency-tagging measures for studying SL in individual participants in an artificial language paradigm, using non-invasive EEG recordings of neural activity in humans. Importantly, we use carefully constructed controls to address potential acoustic confounds of the frequency-tagging approach, and compared the sensitivity of EEG-based metrics to both explicit and implicit behavioral tests of SL. Group-level results confirm that frequency-tagging can provide a robust indication of SL for an artificial language, above and beyond potential acoustic confounds. However, this metric had very low sensitivity at the level of individual participants, with significant effects found only in 30% of participants. Comparison of the neural metric to previously established behavioral measures for assessing SL showed a significant yet weak correspondence with performance on an implicit task, which was above-chance in 70% of participants, but no correspondence with the more common explicit 2AFC task, where performance did not exceed chance-level. Given the proposed ubiquitous nature of SL, our results highlight some of the operational and methodological challenges of obtaining robust metrics for assessing SL, as well as the potential confounds that should be taken into account when using the frequency-tagging approach in EEG studies.

Reply to Connor and Evers (2020): Critique of the Bias of Crowds Model Simply Restates the Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Payne ◽  
Heidi A. Vuletich ◽  
Kristjen B. Lundberg
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Systemic Racism ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Core ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
The Individual

The Bias of Crowds model (Payne, Vuletich, & Lundberg, 2017) argues that implicit bias varies across individuals and across contexts. It is unreliable and weakly associated with behavior at the individual level. But when aggregated to measure context-level effects, the scores become stable and predictive of group-level outcomes. We concluded that the statistical benefits of aggregation are so powerful that researchers should reconceptualize implicit bias as a feature of contexts, and ask new questions about how implicit biases relate to systemic racism. Connor and Evers (2020) critiqued the model, but their critique simply restates the core claims of the model. They agreed that implicit bias varies across individuals and across contexts; that it is unreliable and weakly associated with behavior at the individual level; and that aggregating scores to measure context-level effects makes them more stable and predictive of group-level outcomes. Connor and Evers concluded that implicit bias should be considered to really be noisily measured individual construct because the effects of aggregation are merely statistical. We respond to their specific arguments and then discuss what it means to really be a feature of persons versus situations, and multilevel measurement and theory in psychological science more broadly.

scholarly journals Examining the Effects of Three Group-Level Metacognitive Scaffoldings on In-Service Teachers’ Knowledge Building

2021 ◽  
pp. 073563312110308
Author(s):  
Fan Ouyang ◽  
Si Chen ◽  
Yuqin Yang ◽  
Yunqing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Peer Interactions ◽  
Knowledge Building ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Question Asking ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
Metacognitive Scaffolding

Group-level metacognitive scaffolding is critical for productive knowledge building. However, previous research mainly focuses on the individual-level metacognitive scaffoldings in helping learners improve knowledge building, and little effort has been made to develop group-level metacognitive scaffolding (GMS) for knowledge building. This research designed three group-level metacognitive scaffoldings of general, task-oriented, and idea-oriented scaffoldings to facilitate in-service teachers’ knowledge building in small groups. A mixed method is used to examine the effects of the GMSs on groups’ knowledge building processes, performances, and perceptions. Results indicate a complication of the effects of GMSs on knowledge building. The idea-oriented scaffolding has potential to facilitate question-asking and perspective-proposing inquiry through peer interactions; the general scaffolding does not necessarily lessen teachers’ idea-centered explanation and elaboration on the individual level; the task-oriented scaffolding has the worst effect. Pedagogical and research implications are discussed to foster knowledge building with the support of GMSs.

scholarly journals Isolated individuals and groups show opposite preferences toward humidity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Calvo Martín ◽  
Stamatios C. Nicolis ◽  
Isaac Planas-Sitjà ◽  
Jean-Christophe de Biseau ◽  
Jean-Louis Deneubourg
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractCockroaches, like most social arthropods, are led to choose collectively among different alternative resting places. These decisions are modulated by different factors, such as environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity) and sociality (groups size, nature of communications). The aim of this study is to establish the interplay between environmental conditions and the modulation of the interactions between individuals within a group leading to an inversion of preferences. We show that the preferences of isolated cockroaches and groups of 16 individuals, on the selection of the relative humidity of a shelter are inversed and shed light on the mechanisms involved. We suggest that the relative humidity has a multi-level influence on cockroaches, manifested as an attractant effect at the individual level and as a negative effect at the group level, modulating the interactions.

scholarly journals The Online Elicitation of Personal Utility Functions (OPUF) tool: a new method for valuing health states

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Paul Schneider ◽  
Ben van Hout ◽  
Marike Heisen ◽  
John Brazier ◽  
Nancy Devlin
Keyword(s):  
Utility Functions ◽  
Health State ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Health States ◽  
Online Tool ◽  
Value Set ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Personal Utility ◽  
Value Sets ◽  
The Individual

Introduction Standard valuation methods, such as TTO and DCE are inefficient. They require data from hundreds if not thousands of participants to generate value sets. Here, we present the Online elicitation of Personal Utility Functions (OPUF) tool; a new type of online survey for valuing EQ-5D-5L health states using more efficient, compositional elicitation methods, which even allow estimating value sets on the individual level. The aims of this study are to report on the development of the tool, and to test the feasibility of using it to obtain individual-level value sets for the EQ-5D-5L. Methods We applied an iterative design approach to adapt the PUF method, previously developed by Devlin et al., for use as a standalone online tool. Five rounds of qualitative interviews, and one quantitative pre-pilot were conducted to get feedback on the different tasks. After each round, the tool was refined and re-evaluated. The final version was piloted in a sample of 50 participants from the UK. A demo of the EQ-5D-5L OPUF survey is available at: https://eq5d5l.me Results On average, it took participants about seven minutes to complete the OPUF Tool. Based on the responses, we were able to construct a personal EQ-5D-5L value set for each of the 50 participants. These value sets predicted a participants' choices in a discrete choice experiment with an accuracy of 80%. Overall, the results revealed that health state preferences vary considerably on the individual-level. Nevertheless, we were able to estimate a group-level value set for all 50 participants with reasonable precision. Discussion We successfully piloted the OPUF Tool and showed that it can be used to derive a group-level as well as personal value sets for the EQ-5D-5L. Although the development of the online tool is still in an early stage, there are multiple potential avenues for further research.

scholarly journals Counting Happiness from the Individual Level to the Group Level

2012 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 621-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edsel L. Beja ◽  
David B. Yap
Keyword(s):  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals Analyzing 24-Hour Blood Pressure Measurements with a Novel Cuffless Pulse Transit Time Device in Clinical Practice—Does the Software for Heartbeat Detection Matter?

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 361
Author(s):  
Leo Kilian ◽  
Philipp Krisai ◽  
Thenral Socrates ◽  
Christian Arranto ◽  
Otmar Pfister ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Pulse Transit Time ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Invasive Blood Pressure ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Background: The Somnotouch-Non-Invasive-Blood-Pressure (NIBP) device delivers raw data consisting of electrocardiography and photoplethysmography for estimating blood pressure (BP) over 24 h using pulse-transit-time. The study’s aim was to analyze the impact on 24-hour BP results when processing raw data by two different software solutions delivered with the device. Methods: We used data from 234 participants. The Somnotouch-NIBP measurements were analyzed using the Domino-light and Schiller software and compared. BP values differing >5 mmHg were regarded as relevant and explored for their impact on BP classification (normotension vs. hypertension). Results: Mean (±standard deviation) absolute systolic/diastolic differences for 24-hour mean BP were 1.5 (±1.7)/1.1 (±1.3) mm Hg. Besides awake systolic BP (p = 0.022), there were no statistically significant differences in systolic/diastolic 24-hour mean, awake, and asleep BP. Twenty four-hour mean BP agreement (number (%)) between the software solutions within 5, 10, and 15 mmHg were 222 (94.8%), 231 (98.7%), 234 (100%) for systolic and 228 (97.4%), 232 (99.1%), 233 (99.5%) for diastolic measurements, respectively. A BP difference of >5 mmHg was present in 24 (10.3%) participants leading to discordant classification in 4–17%. Conclusion: By comparing the two software solutions, differences in BP are negligible at the population level. However, at the individual level there are, in a minority of cases, differences that lead to different BP classifications, which can influence the therapeutic decision.

scholarly journals Comparison Between Non-Invasive Methane Measurement Techniques in Cattle

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rey ◽  
Atxaerandio ◽  
Ruiz ◽  
Ugarte ◽  
González-Recio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Population Means ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Ch4 Concentration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Methane Measurement

The aim of this trial was to study the agreement between the non-dispersive infrared methane analyzer (NDIR) method and the hand held laser methane detector (LMD). Methane (CH4) was measured simultaneously with the two devices totaling 164 paired measurements. The repeatability of the CH4 concentration was greater with the NDIR (0.42) than for the LMD (0.23). However, for the number of peaks, repeatability of the LMD was greater (0.20 vs. 0.14, respectively). Correlation was moderately high and positive for CH4 concentration (0.73 and 0.74, respectively) and number of peaks (0.72 and 0.72, respectively), and the repeated measures correlation and the individual-level correlation were high (0.98 and 0.94, respectively). A moderate concordance correlation coefficient was observed for the CH4 concentration (0.62) and for the number of peaks (0.66). A moderate-high coefficient of individual agreement for the CH4 concentration (0.83) and the number of peaks (0.77) were observed. However, CH4 concentrations population means and all variance components differed between instruments. In conclusion, methane concentration measurements obtained by means of NDIR and LMD cannot be used interchangeably. The joint use of both methods could be considered for genetic selection purposes or for mitigation strategies only if sources of disagreement, which result in different between-subject and within-subject variabilities, are identified and corrected for.

scholarly journals Bearing the Weight of Imprisonment: The Relationship Between Prison Climate and Well-Being

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1385-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther F. J. C. van Ginneken ◽  
Hanneke Palmen ◽  
Anouk Q. Bosma ◽  
Miranda Sentse
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Unit Level ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Individual Perceptions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Little is known about the relative influence of shared and individual perceptions of prison climate on adjustment to incarceration. This study investigated the relationship between prison climate and well-being among a sample of 4,538 adults incarcerated in the Netherlands. Prison climate dimensions were considered both as prison unit-level variables and as individual-level perceptions. Multilevel analysis results showed that most variance for well-being is found at the individual rather than the unit level. This implies that it does not make much of a difference for well-being in which prison unit someone resides. Positive effects of prison climate on well-being were primarily found for individual perceptions of prison climate, rather than for the aggregate unit measures. More research is needed to determine whether this finding holds true in other countries. The findings confirm the importance of disentangling the contribution of prison climate at the individual and group level.

scholarly journals Ain’t Too Proud to Beg! Effects of Leader’s Use of Pride on Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 7146
Author(s):  
Catherine S. Daus ◽  
Stephen R. Baumgartner
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Labor ◽  
Emotion Management ◽  
Task Group ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Group Satisfaction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Authentic Pride ◽  
Generally True

Studies of discrete pride in the workplace are both few and on the rise. We examined what has, to date, been unstudied, namely the impact that a leader’s expressions of authentic and hubristic pride can have on the followers at that moment, and on their attitudes regarding their task, leader, and group. Students working in groups building Lego structures rated their perceived leader regarding expressions of pride, both authentic and hubristic. Students who perceived the leader as expressing more authentic pride rated the task, group (satisfaction and cohesion), and leader more positively, while the reverse was generally true for perceptions of expressions of hubristic pride. We found these effects both at the individual level and at the group level. We also predicted and found moderation for the type of task worked on, creative or detailed. Implications abound for leader emotional labor and emotion management.

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