Convergence theorem of Pettis integrable multivalued pramart

PurposeIn this work, the authors are interested in the notion of vector valued and set valued Pettis integrable pramarts. The notion of pramart is more general than that of martingale. Every martingale is a pramart, but the converse is not generally true.Design/methodology/approachIn this work, the authors present several properties and convergence theorems for Pettis integrable pramarts with convex weakly compact values in a separable Banach space.FindingsThe existence of the conditional expectation of Pettis integrable mutifunctions indexed by bounded stopping times is provided. The authors prove the almost sure convergence in Mosco and linear topologies of Pettis integrable pramarts with values in (cwk(E)) the family of convex weakly compact subsets of a separable Banach space.Originality/valueThe purpose of the present paper is to present new properties and various new convergence results for convex weakly compact valued Pettis integrable pramarts in Banach space.

Technological and Disruptive Innovations in a Nation’s Industrialization and Leadership Development

The turn of this new century has been witnessing the effort of various leading developed and developing countries in their attempt to materialize next round of industrialization by emphasizing on innovations. To potentially provide guidance to such national efforts, this paper explores the relationship between technological innovation and industrialization and the importance of disruptive innovation in the development of a nation’s international leadership. By employing the rigor of game theory, this work first looks at key conditions under which an established market invites competition and innovation. On top of such generally true results, it is consequently shown that technological innovation is a driving force behind industrialization and that disruptive innovation can assist a nation to become an international leader. Other than providing policy recommendations, this paper concludes with open problems for future research.

Technological and Disruptive Innovations in a Nation's Industrialization and Leadership Development

The turn of this new century has been witnessing the effort of various leading developed and developing countries in their attempt to materialize next round of industrialization by emphasizing on innovations. To potentially provide guidance to such national efforts, this paper explores the relationship between technological innovation and industrialization and the importance of disruptive innovation in the development of a nation’s international leadership. By employing the rigor of game theory, this work first looks at key conditions under which an established market invites competition and innovation. On top of such generally true results, it is consequently shown that technological innovation is a driving force behind industrialization and that disruptive innovation can assist a nation to become an international leader. Other than providing policy recommendations, this paper concludes with open problems for future research.

Glimpses of Fiscal States in Sub-Saharan Africa

There is a widespread perception that taxing in sub-Saharan Africa has been and remains fraught with problems or government failure. This is not generally true. For more than a century, colonial administrations and independent states have steadily developed the capacity to routinely collect more substantial revenues than one might expect in a low-income region. The two main historical dimensions of this collection capacity were (a) powerful, centralized bureaucracies focused on achieving revenue collection targets and (b) large, taxable international trade sectors. In recent decades, those centralized bureaucracies have to some extent been reformed such that in structure and procedure they resemble more closely tax administrations in OECD countries. More strikingly, nearly all states have adopted VAT and found it to be a very powerful revenue collection instrument. However, the tax share of GDP has been broadly constant for several decades, and it will be hard to increase it. It is difficult for African governments to effectively tax transnational corporations, especially in the mining and energy sectors, which are of growing importance. Tax administrations continue to approach richer Africans with a light touch, and to exaggerate the potential for taxing small-scale (‘informal’) enterprises. The revenue operations of sub-national governments are often opaque. Ordinary people often pay large sums in ‘informal taxes’ that are generally regressive in impact. And the standard direction of travel in the reform of tax policy and administration is not appropriate to those large areas, especially in the Sahel, that are afflicted by internal and cross-border armed conflicts.

The architecture of phenotypic flexibility within a complex trait: an empirical case study using avian thermogenic performance

ABSTRACTReversible modifications to trait values can allow individuals to match their phenotypes to changing environmental conditions, a phenomenon known as phenotypic flexibility. A system’s capacity for flexibility may be determined by its underlying architecture, and these relationships can have important implications for both organismal adaptation and the evolvability of acclimatization responses. Theory provides two possible alternatives to explain the ways in which lower-level traits respond to environmental challenges and contribute to phenotypic flexibility in complex, whole-organism traits: symmorphosis predicts correspondence between structure and demand across all levels of a physiological system, while the alternative predicts that influence is concentrated in select elements of a physiological network. Here we provide a rich dataset — composed of 20 sub-organismal, physiological traits paired with whole-organism metabolic rates for 106 adult Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) — to explore the mechanistic basis of phenotypic flexibility in complex traits. When exposed to synthetic temperature cues, these individuals have previously been shown to increase their thermogenic capacity (Msum) and enhance their ability to maintain their body temperature in the cold. We show that the relationships among a number of the traits that contribute to Msum varied as the environmental context changed. Moreover, variation in Msum in response to temperature acclimation was correlated with only a handful of subordinate phenotypes. As a result, avian thermogenic flexibility does not appear to be a symmorphotic response. If this is generally true of complex traits, it suggests that simple and reversible modifications can significantly impact whole-organism performance, and thus that the evolution of phenotypic flexibility in a single component part could impart flexibility for the entire system.

Caloric Measure Null Sets

We give a systematic treatment of caloric measure null sets on the essential boundary $\partial_eE$ of an arbitrary open set $E$ in ${\bf R}$. We discuss two characterisations of such sets and present some basic properties. We investigate the dependence of caloric measure null sets on the open set $E$. Thus, if $D$ is an open subset of $E$ and $Z\subseteq\partial_eE\cap\partial_eD$, we show that $Z$ is caloric measure null for $D$ if it is caloric measure null for $E$. We also give conditions on $E$ and $Z$ which imply that the reverse implication is true. We know from \cite{watson2011} that any polar subset of $\partial_eD$ is caloric measure null for $D$, but the reverse implication is not generally true. In our final result we show that, for subsets of a certain component of $\partial_eD$, caloric measure null sets are necessarily polar.

Competitive Advantages and Values Created and Attained Out of Well-Crafted Customer Value Propositions

To help facilitate the development of a theoretically rigorous and practically useful theory of customer value propositions (CVP), as called for repeatedly by the extant literature, this paper establishes a game-theoretic theorem regarding the dynamics of market competition and potential market entry. On top of this result and by employing logical rigor and analytical reasoning, eight generally true facts are developed without suffering from the constraints of data- and anecdote- based approaches, as widely used in the literature. In particular, these established results reveal how a newly adopted CVP is associated with the three essential processes underlying a company’s operation, how it will be pivotal for the company to attain competitive advantages, how the value added by adopted CVPs can be determined, etc. At the end, recommendations for decision-making managers and entrepreneurs and potential questions for future research are provided.

Bowman’s Risk-Return Paradox: Evidence From Eastern Countries

While conventional wisdom has stated that greater risks typically bring greater rewards, many studies have shown that this is not generally true for the financial state of firms. This paradox, known as Bowman’s paradox has motivated studies to examine this relationship across different industries, periods, and nations. However, most of these studies have focused on Western countries such as Belgium and the United States of America. Therefore, this paper contributes to the literature by investigating the generalizability of Bowman’s paradox and prospect theory across three distinct Eastern countries. Data is collected from 10,623 firms located in China, Japan, and Vietnam. Cross- sectional and longitudinal associations between risk and return provided general support for Bowman’s paradox and prospect theory for the three Eastern countries. The results indicate that there is a general negative risk-return relationship for firms in these countries. Further analyses show that this relationship is stronger for firms performing below the industry median. This might suggest that firms that are in trouble usually take more risks. This relationship is strongest for firms in Japan, followed by firms in China and Vietnam, respectively.

Property inference from heads to opaque-transparent compounds

We investigate how people extend properties from head nouns to compound words. Two conflicting principles seem to be important. Concepts license inference of properties: Knowing that birds fly allows an inference that songbirds fly. On the other hand, a subcategory term like songbirds is created only when that subcategory contrasts with the general category of birds. Participants rate the extent to which properties true of all, some, or no members of the head noun category are true of a subcategory denoted by an Opaque-Transparent compound. Both categorical inference and contrast affect these judgments: Properties true of the head are less true of the compound though still generally true, while those false of the head are more true of the compound, though still generally false. We discuss how modification effects with Opaque-Transparent compounds compare to both Transparent-Transparent compounds and novel combinations.

Ain’t Too Proud to Beg! Effects of Leader’s Use of Pride on Groups

Studies of discrete pride in the workplace are both few and on the rise. We examined what has, to date, been unstudied, namely the impact that a leader’s expressions of authentic and hubristic pride can have on the followers at that moment, and on their attitudes regarding their task, leader, and group. Students working in groups building Lego structures rated their perceived leader regarding expressions of pride, both authentic and hubristic. Students who perceived the leader as expressing more authentic pride rated the task, group (satisfaction and cohesion), and leader more positively, while the reverse was generally true for perceptions of expressions of hubristic pride. We found these effects both at the individual level and at the group level. We also predicted and found moderation for the type of task worked on, creative or detailed. Implications abound for leader emotional labor and emotion management.