scholarly journals Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of workers from the University of Porto

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Pinto Costa ◽  
Paula Meireles ◽  
Pedro N S Rodrigues ◽  
Henrique Barros
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Molecular Diagnosis ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Incident Rate ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Restrictive Measures

Background: Repeated serosurveys in the same population provide more accurate estimates of the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infection and more comparable data than notified cases. We aimed to estimate the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, identify associated risk factors, and assess time trends in the ratio of serological/molecular diagnosis in a cohort of university workers. Methods: Participants had a serological rapid test for SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulins M and G, and completed a questionnaire, in May-July 2020 (n=3628) and November 2020-January 2021 (n=2661); 1960 participated in both evaluations and provided data to compute the incidence proportion and the incident rate. Crude and adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using generalised linear models with Poisson regression. Results: The incidence rate was 1.8/100 person-month (95%CI 1.6-2.1), and the 6 months cumulative incidence was 10.7%. The serological/molecular diagnosis ratio was 10:1 in the first evaluation and 3:1 in the second. Considering newly identified seropositive cases at the first (n=69) and second evaluation (n=202), 29.0% and 9.4% never reported symptoms, respectively, 14.5% and 33.3% reported contact with a confirmed case and 82.6%, and 46.0% never had a molecular test. Males (aIRR: 0.59; 95%CI: 0.42-0.83) and "high-skilled white-collar" workers (aIRR: 0.73, 95%CI: 0.52-1.02) had lower incidence of infection. Conclusion: University workers presented a high SARS-CoV-2 incidence while restrictive measures were in place. The time decrease in the proportion of undiagnosed cases reflected the increased access to testing, but opportunities continued to be missed, even in the presence of COVID-19 like symptoms.

scholarly journals A Statistical Test for the Equality of Differently Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratios

2007 ◽  
Vol 167 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hoffmann ◽  
T. Pischon ◽  
M. Schulz ◽  
M. B. Schulze ◽  
J. Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

scholarly journals Excess Mortality Attributable to COVID-19 Among Assisted Living Residents

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 58-58
Author(s):  
Kali Thomas ◽  
Wenhan Zhang ◽  
David Dosa ◽  
Paula Carder ◽  
Philip Sloane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Assisted Living ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
National Cohort ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

Abstract This study examines the excess mortality attributable to COVID-19 among a national cohort of assisted living (AL) residents. To do this, we compare the weekly rate of all-cause mortality during 1/1/20-8/11/20 with the same weeks in 2019 and calculated adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All-cause mortality rates, nationally, were 14% higher in 2020 compared with 2019 (mean, 2.309 vs. 2.020, respectively, per 1000 residents per week; adjusted IRR, 1.169; 95% CI 1.165-1.173). Among the 10 states with the highest community spread, the excess mortality attributable to COVID-19 was 24% higher, with 2.388 deaths per 1000 residents per week in 2020 during January-August vs 1.928 in 2019 (adjusted IRR, 1.241; 95% CI 1.233-1.250). These results suggest that AL residents suffered excess mortality due to COVID-19.

scholarly journals Fifteen-year incidence rate and risk factors of pterygium in the Southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316359
Author(s):  
Rohit C Khanna ◽  
Srinivas Marmamula ◽  
Maria Vittoria Cicinelli ◽  
Asha Latha Mettla ◽  
Pyda Giridhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Disease Study

PurposeTo report 15-year incidence rate and associated risk factors of pterygium among people aged 30 years and above at baseline in the rural clusters of longitudinal Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study (APEDS III).MethodsThe baseline APEDS I included 7771 participants of which 6447 (83%) were traced and 5395 (83.7%) were re-examined in APEDS III. To estimate the incidence of pterygium, we selected participants who were 30 years and above at baseline (4188), of which 2976 were traced and 2627 (88.3%) were examined, and based on inclusion criteria, 2290 participants were included in the study. The incidence rate of pterygium was defined as the proportion of people free of pterygium at baseline who had developed the condition at 15-year follow-up (range 13–17 years). Univariate and multivariable analyses for risk factors were undertaken.ResultsThe sex-adjusted incidence rate of pterygium was 25.2 per 100 person-years (95% CI 24.8 to 25.7) which was significantly higher for men than women (26.3 per 100 person-years (95% CI 25.6 to 27.0) and 24.7 (95% CI 24.1 to 25.3) respectively). At the multivariable analysis, male gender (RR: 1.35, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.83), no formal education (RR: 2.46, 95% CI 1.22 to 4.93), outdoor occupation (RR: 1.47, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.9) and lower body mass index (BMI) (<18.5) (RR: 1.25, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.55) were associated with increased risk of pterygium.ConclusionsThe overall incidence rate of pterygium was high in this rural population, especially in men and those engaged in outdoor activities, lack of formal education and with lower BMI. It is likely that greater exposure to ultraviolet light is a major contributing factor, thus warranting preventive strategies.

Prevalence and 5-year trend of incidence for medical illnesses after the diagnosis of bipolar disorder: A nationwide cohort study

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742110468
Author(s):  
Pao-Huan Chen ◽  
Shang-Ying Tsai ◽  
Chun-Hung Pan ◽  
Yi-Lung Chen ◽  
Sheng-Siang Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
First Year ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

Objective: Medical comorbidities are prevalent in patients with bipolar disorder. Evaluating longitudinal trends of the incidence of medical illnesses enables implementation of early prevention strategies to reduce the high mortality rate in this at-risk population. However, the incidence risks of medical illnesses in the early stages of bipolar disorder remain unclear. This study investigated the incidence and 5-year trend of medical illnesses following bipolar disorder diagnosis. Methods: We identified 11,884 patients aged 13–40 years who were newly diagnosed as having bipolar disorder during 1996–2012 and 47,536 age- and sex-matched controls (1:4 ratio) who represented the general population from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. We estimated the prevalence and incidence of individual medical illnesses yearly across the first 5 years after the index date. The adjusted incidence rate ratio was calculated to compare the occurrence of specific medical illnesses each year between the bipolar disorder group and control group using the Poisson regression model. Results: Apart from the prevalence, the adjusted incidence rate ratios of most medical illnesses were >1.00 across the first 5-year period after bipolar disorder diagnosis. Cerebrovascular diseases, ischaemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, other forms of heart disease, renal disease and human immunodeficiency virus infection exhibited the highest adjusted incidence rate ratios during the first year. Except for that of renal disease, the 5-year trends of the adjusted incidence rate ratios decreased for cerebrovascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases (e.g. ischaemic heart disease, other forms of heart disease, and vein and lymphatic disease), gastrointestinal diseases (e.g. chronic hepatic disease and ulcer disease) and communicable diseases (e.g. human immunodeficiency virus infection, upper respiratory tract infection and pneumonia). Conclusion: Incidence risks of medical illnesses are increased in the first year after bipolar disorder diagnosis. Clinicians must carefully evaluate medical illnesses during this period because the mortality rates from medical illnesses are particularly high in people with bipolar disorder.

scholarly journals MO836INCIDENCE AND OUTCOME OF SARS-COV-2 INFECTION IN THE POPULATION UNDERGOING DIALYSIS TREATMENT IN LAZIO REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Marino ◽  
Laura Angelici ◽  
Enrico Calandrini ◽  
Silvia Cascini ◽  
Santo Morabito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Lazio Region ◽  
Dialysis Treatment ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Incident Rate ◽  
Population Source

Abstract Background and Aims Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) represent a frail population with severe co-morbidities and different degrees of immune dysfunction. These patients might be at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and might experience severe consequences of COVID-19. In March 2020, the Lazio Regional Dialysis and Transplantation Registry (LRDTR) implemented a questionnaire to obtain information on dialysis patients who have developed SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aims of this study is to evaluate the incidence and the short-term lethality of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the population undergoing dialysis treatment in Lazio Region. Method A cohort of patients treated in the dialysis units of Lazio Region was enrolled. Prevalent dialysis patients at 1/1/2020 and incident patients during the period 01/01/2020-08/01/2020 were included. The LRDTR collects information on dialysis patients from the start of chronic dialysis treatments with biannual update and immediately informing about the end of dialytic treatment (death, renal transplant, etc). Infection was traced in the LRDTR from March 2020 to 08/13/2020. The information on vital status was obtained from LRDTR and the mortality Lazio registry up to 10/30/2020. Poisson models, crude and adjusted for sex and age, were used to estimate incident rate of infection and mortality rate on dialysis patients and on dialysis patients who have developed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and respective confidence intervals of 95% (CI95%). Results During the study period, the estimate of the number of patients undergoing dialysis treatment was 5196 in Lazio Region, 65% were males with mean age of 70 years. Thirty-seven patients were infected with SARS-CoV-2: 70% males, mean age 73 years. These patients were treated in 24 different dialysis units. The cumulative incidence rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 0.71% (95% CI 0.52-0.98) and the adjusted incidence rate was 3.3 *100,000 Person Days (PD) (95% CI 2.4-4.7). The distribution of positive swabs by month was: 21 in March 7 in April, 6 in May, 1 in June, 2 in July. Twenty-seven patients had symptoms while 10 patients, who have had contact with infected individuals, had positive swabs in absence of symptoms. Infected and hospitalised dialysis patients were 78%. Of the 29 hospitalized patients: 6 were in sub-intensive care, 16 in intensive care, of these 7 needed intubations, 9 underwent non-invasive ventilation. The adjusted cumulative mortality rate in dialysis patients was 6.8% (95% CI 6.0-7.6), the same measure for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients was 37.4% (95% CI 19.8-70.4) with an average follow-up of 205 PD. The adjusted mortality rate was 3.3 * 10,000PD (95% CI: 2.9-3.7) among dialysis patients and 21.2*10,000PD (95% CI: 11.1-40.7) among infected dialysis patients. Conclusion This study highlights a greater susceptibility of dialysis patients to SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a rate three times higher than that observed in the general population (source: Civil Protection Department). Mortality risk for dialysis patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection is about 6 times higher than in the dialysis patients it suggesting a major impact of infection on this fragile population.

scholarly journals Causes of Death in People With Cardiovascular Disease: A UK Biobank Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Drozd ◽  
Mar Pujades‐Rodriguez ◽  
Fei Sun ◽  
Kevin N. Franks ◽  
Patrick J. Lillie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Death ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Personalized Care ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

Background Therapeutic advances have reduced cardiovascular death rates in people with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We aimed to define the rates of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death in people with specified CVDs or accruing cardiovascular multimorbidity. Methods and Results We studied 493 280 UK residents enrolled in the UK Biobank cohort study. The proportion of deaths attributed to cardiovascular, cancer, infection, or other causes were calculated in groups defined by 9 distinct self‐reported CVDs at baseline, or by the number of these CVDs at baseline. Poisson regression analyses were then used to define adjusted incidence rate ratios for these causes of death, accounting for sociodemographic factors and comorbidity. Of 27 729 deaths, 20.4% were primarily attributed to CVD, 53.6% to cancer, 5.0% to infection, and 21.0% to other causes. As cardiovascular multimorbidity increased, the proportion of cardiovascular and infection‐related deaths was greater, contrasting with cancer and other deaths. Compared with people without CVD, those with 3 or more CVDs experienced adjusted incidence rate ratios of 7.0 (6.2–7.8) for cardiovascular death, 4.4 (3.4–5.6) for infection death, 1.5 (1.4–1.7) for cancer death, and 2.0 (1.7–2.4) for other causes of death. There was substantial heterogeneity in causes of death, both in terms of crude proportions and adjusted incidence rate ratios, among the 9 studied baseline CVDs. Conclusions Noncardiovascular death is common in people with CVD, although its contribution varies widely between people with different CVDs. Holistic and personalized care are likely to be important tools for continuing to improve outcomes in people with CVD.

scholarly journals The influence of federal health care policy reforms on the use of private health insurance in disadvantaged groups

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Moorin ◽  
C D'Arcy J Holman
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Private Health Insurance ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Incident Rate ◽  
Rate Ratios

Objective: To examine changes in the incidence rate ratio of private health insurance (PHI) and Medicare use for episodes of hospitalisation as a function of socio-economic status and accessibility to evaluate the impact of federal health policy reforms. Methods: The WA Data Linkage System was used to extract all hospital morbidity records in Western Australia from 1991, 1996 and 2001. Adjusted odds ratios of PHI use were estimated in each socio-economic and locational accessibility category in each year using logistic regression. The odds ratios were then converted to adjusted incidence rate ratios controlled for population size. Results: In all cases between 1991 and 1996 the adjusted incident rate ratios fell; this was followed by an increase in the adjusted rate ratio in 2001 to levels near those of 1991 in the most accessible? highest socio-economically advantaged group. However in all other groups the increase fell short of the 1991 levels. The magnitude of the shortfall was associated with worsening accessibility or socio-economic status. In addition, significant changes in the within-group differential incident rate ratios were also observed over time. Conclusion: Our study indicates that the recent federal government policies which were aimed at making PHI more affordable to, and therefore more widely used by, lower to middle income earners were successful, lending empirical support for price elasticity of demand for PHI. Our results also indicate that the magnitude of their success varied according to disadvantage, suggesting that this elasticity is variable across both the level and typology of disadvantage.

scholarly journals Infant fever trends following the launch of the meningococcal B vaccine in the UK

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Harcourt ◽  
Roger Morbey ◽  
Chris Bates ◽  
Helen Carter ◽  
Shamez Ladhani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Family Doctor ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Consultation Rate ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Incident Rate ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveTo use syndromic surveillance data to assess whether there hasbeen an increase in GP fever consultations since the inclusion of themeningococcal B (MenB) vaccine in the UK vaccination schedule.IntroductionFrom 1 September 2015, babies in the United Kingdom (UK)born on/after 1 July 2015 became eligible to receive the MenBvaccine, given at 2 and 4 months of age, with a booster at 12 months.1Early trials found a high prevalence of fever (over 38°C) in babiesgiven the vaccine with other routine vaccines at 2 and 4 months.We used syndromic surveillance2data to assess whether there hadbeen increased family doctor (general practitioner (GP)) consultationsfor fever in young infants following the introduction of the vaccine.MethodsGP consultations for fever in infants aged under 1 year wereextracted from The Phoenix Partnership (TPP) ResearchOne database(400 GP surgeries in England).3Data were stratified by week ofage over the period 1 September 2015 to 30 November 2015 and1 December 2015 to 29 February 2016. Fever consultation rates(per 100,000 registered practice population in the database) werecompared to the same 3 month periods of the previous 5 years(2010-14) using incident rate ratios (IRR). Pre- and post-vaccinationconsultation rates were applied to the England 0-26 week populationto estimate excess fever consultations.ResultsBetween 1 September and 30 November 2015 the average dailyfever consultation rate for infants aged 0-26 weeks was 4.72/100,000;the incident rate ratio was 1.46 (95% CI, 1.09-1.92). In the 7-10 weekage group the average daily fever consultation rate was 7.79/100,000.The incidence rate was 2.68 times higher than in previous years(95% CI, 1.42-4.94).Between 1 December 2015 and 29 February 2016 the averagedaily consultation rate for infants aged 0-26 weeks was 6.19/100,000.The incidence rate was 1.49 times higher than in the same 3 monthperiod of previous years (95% CI, 1.16-1.90). In infants aged7-10 weeks the average daily consultation rate was 8.44/100,000and the incidence rate was 1.83 times higher than previous years(95% CI 1.03-3.16).Between 1 September 2015 and 29 February 2016 there werean estimated additional 959 fever consultations for infants aged0-26 weeks to English family doctors.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated an innovative use of syndromic surveillanceto quickly and easily assess the impact on healthcare seekingbehaviour for infants with fever following the introduction of a newvaccination into the routine vaccination programme in England. Ourstudy provides reassurance that in infants aged 0-26 weeks therewas no marked increase in consultations following the introductionof the new MenB vaccination. However, in some age groups below0-26 weeks there was an increase in healthcare seeking behaviour forfever, in particular, the 7-10 week age group which includes infantsaged 8 weeks receiving their first vaccination. Other age groups alsodemonstrated increased fever consultations during these two periods,albeit at less significant levels. We will analyse data for the full yearfrom 1 September 2015 to further explore these findings, investigatepotential confounders and assess trends since vaccine introduction.

scholarly journals Incidence of atrial fibrillation, ischaemic heart disease and heart failure in patients with diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Groenewegen ◽  
Victor W. Zwartkruis ◽  
Betül Cekic ◽  
Rudolf. A. de Boer ◽  
Michiel Rienstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Ischaemic Heart Disease ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Diabetes Status ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Background Diabetes has strongly been linked to atrial fibrillation, ischaemic heart disease and heart failure. The epidemiology of these cardiovascular diseases is changing, however, due to changes in prevalence of obesity-related conditions and preventive measures. Recent population studies on incidence of atrial fibrillation, ischaemic heart disease and heart failure in patients with diabetes are needed. Methods A dynamic longitudinal cohort study was performed using primary care databases of the Julius General Practitioners’ Network. Diabetes status was determined at baseline (1 January 2014 or upon entering the cohort) and participants were followed-up for atrial fibrillation, ischaemic heart disease and heart failure until 1 February 2019. Age and sex-specific incidence and incidence rate ratios were calculated. Results Mean follow-up was 4.2 years, 12,168 patients were included in the diabetes group, and 130,143 individuals in the background group. Incidence rate ratios, adjusted for age and sex, were 1.17 (95% confidence interval 1.06–1.30) for atrial fibrillation, 1.66 (1.55–1.83) for ischaemic heart disease, and 2.36 (2.10–2.64) for heart failure. Overall, incidence rate ratios were highest in the younger age categories, converging thereafter. Conclusion There is a clear association between diabetes and incidence of the major chronic progressive heart diseases, notably with heart failure with a more than twice increased risk.

scholarly journals Employment of Young Adult Cancer Caregivers, Other Disease Caregivers, and Non-Caregiving Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7452
Author(s):  
Echo L. Warner ◽  
Andrew R. Wilson ◽  
Jessica G. Rainbow ◽  
Lee Ellington ◽  
Anne C. Kirchhoff
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
The United States ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Cancer Caregivers ◽  
Employment Goals ◽  
Caregiving Roles ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Young Adult Cancer

Young adults are increasingly taking on caregiving roles in the United States, and cancer caregivers often experience a greater burden than other caregivers. An unexpected caregiving role may disrupt caregiver employment, leading to lost earning potential and workforce re-entry challenges. We examined caregiving employment among young adult caregivers (i.e., family or friends) using the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), which included caregiving, employment, and sociodemographic variables. Respondents’ ages varied between 18 and 39, and they were categorized as non-caregivers (n = 16,009), other caregivers (n = 3512), and cancer caregivers (n = 325). Current employment was compared using Poisson regressions to estimate adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), including gender-stratified models. We estimated employment by cancer caregiving intensity (low, moderate, high). Cancer caregivers at all other income levels were more likely to be employed than those earning below USD 20,000 (aIRR ranged: 1.88–2.10, all p< 0.015). Female cancer caregivers who were 25–29 (aIRR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.51–1.00) and single (aIRR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52–0.95) were less likely to be employed than their counterparts. College-educated males were 19% less likely to be employed than high school-educated caregivers (95% CI = 0.68–0.98). Evaluating caregiver employment goals and personal financial situations may help identify those at risk for employment detriments, especially among females, those with lower educational attainment, and those earning below USD 20,000 annually.

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