scholarly journals Rayleigh-scattering microscopy for tracking and sizing nanoparticles in focused aerosol beams

IUCrJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max F. Hantke ◽  
Johan Bielecki ◽  
Olena Kulyk ◽  
Daniel Westphal ◽  
Daniel S. D. Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Deposition ◽  
Rayleigh Scattering ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Particle Beam ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Aerosol Sample ◽  
X Ray

Ultra-bright femtosecond X-ray pulses generated by X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) can be used to image high-resolution structures without the need for crystallization. For this approach, aerosol injection has been a successful method to deliver 70–2000 nm particles into the XFEL beam efficiently and at low noise. Improving the technique of aerosol sample delivery and extending it to single proteins necessitates quantitative aerosol diagnostics. Here a lab-based technique is introduced for Rayleigh-scattering microscopy allowing us to track and size aerosolized particles down to 40 nm in diameter as they exit the injector. This technique was used to characterize the `Uppsala injector', which is a pioneering and frequently used aerosol sample injector for XFEL single-particle imaging. The particle-beam focus, particle velocities, particle density and injection yield were measured at different operating conditions. It is also shown how high particle densities and good injection yields can be reached for large particles (100–500 nm). It is found that with decreasing particle size, particle densities and injection yields deteriorate, indicating the need for different injection strategies to extend XFEL imaging to smaller targets, such as single proteins. This work demonstrates the power of Rayleigh-scattering microscopy for studying focused aerosol beams quantitatively. It lays the foundation for lab-based injector development and online injection diagnostics for XFEL research. In the future, the technique may also find application in other fields that employ focused aerosol beams, such as mass spectrometry, particle deposition, fuel injection and three-dimensional printing techniques.

scholarly journals Compressed Biogas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine Optimization Study for Ultralow Emission

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 571063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Koten ◽  
Mustafa Yilmaz ◽  
M. Zafer Gul
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Multiobjective Optimization ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Optimization Study

The aim of this study is to find out the optimum operating conditions in a diesel engine fueled with compressed biogas (CBG) and pilot diesel dual-fuel. One-dimensional (1D) and three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code and multiobjective optimization code were employed to investigate the influence of CBG-diesel dual-fuel combustion performance and exhaust emissions on a diesel engine. In this paper, 1D engine code and multiobjective optimization code were coupled and evaluated about 15000 cases to define the proper boundary conditions. In addition, selected single diesel fuel (dodecane) and dual-fuel (CBG-diesel) combustion modes were modeled to compare the engine performances and exhaust emission characteristics by using CFD code under various operating conditions. In optimization study, start of pilot diesel fuel injection, CBG-diesel flow rate, and engine speed were optimized and selected cases were compared using CFD code. CBG and diesel fuels were defined as leading reactants using user defined code. The results showed that significantly lower NOx emissions were emitted under dual-fuel operation for all cases compared to single-fuel mode at all engine load conditions.

Development of a Low Noise Pump by New Design Concept

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyoshi Miyagawa ◽  
Ryuichi Sato
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Concept ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Flow Noise ◽  
Cavitation Tunnel ◽  
Parametric Studies ◽  
Blade Row Interaction

The Japan Defense Agency is conducting a project to develop a cavitation tunnel, called the FNS (Flow Noise Simulator project) (1). The FNS was designed as a large cavitation tunnel with low background noise level to measure the noise of an object. In order to satisfy the low noise level for the FNS, it is important to develop a low noise pump. In the present study, several new design concepts were developed using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and these concepts and the pump performance were verified by model test. In developing low noise pump, it is important to avoid cavitation generation in all operating conditions. It is also important to reduce blade-passing influence due to blade row interaction between impeller and diffuser. To control unsteadiness by interaction, the axial gap between two blade rows was widened and viscous wake from the impeller was decreased. Many extensive parametric studies (e.g. blade sweep, number of blades) were conducted using three-dimensional CFD computations. The impeller developed for the FNS pump has seven blades, 4.3 m diameter and the stator downstream has nine blades. Several model tests were carried out to verify the design concept of the pump. It was confirmed that the noise level of the new design pump was decreased compared to a conventional industrial pump and efficiency was also improved.

Visualization and stereological characterization of individual rat lung acini by high-resolution X-ray tomographic microscopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 115 (9) ◽  
pp. 1379-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Haberthür ◽  
Sébastien F. Barré ◽  
Stefan A. Tschanz ◽  
Eveline Yao ◽  
Marco Stampanoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Particle Deposition ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rat Lung ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Pulmonary Airways ◽  
Conducting Airways

The small trees of gas-exchanging pulmonary airways, which are fed by the most distal purely conducting airways, are called acini and represent the functional gas-exchanging units. The three-dimensional architecture of the acini has a strong influence on ventilation and particle deposition. Due to the difficulty in identifying individual acini on microscopic lung sections, the knowledge about the number of acini and their biological parameters, like volume, surface area, and number of alveoli per acinus, are limited. We developed a method to extract individual acini from lungs imaged by high-resolution synchrotron radiation-based X-ray tomographic microscopy and estimated their volume, surface area, and number of alveoli. Rat acini were isolated by semiautomatically closing the airways at the transition from conducting to gas-exchanging airways. We estimated a mean internal acinar volume of 1.148 mm3, a mean acinar surface area of 73.9 mm2, and a mean of 8,470 alveoli/acinus. Assuming that the acini are similarly sized throughout different regions of the lung, we calculated that a rat lung contains 5,470 ± 833 acini. We conclude that our novel approach is well suited for the fast and reliable characterization of a large number of individual acini in healthy, diseased, or transgenic lungs of different species, including humans.

Impact of fuel on real diesel injector performance in field test

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (8) ◽  
pp. 1047-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Stepien ◽  
Aleksander Mazanek ◽  
Andrzej Suchecki
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Term Field

This work assessed the potential impact of diesel fuel complying with the EN 590 standard on real diesel injector performance in a long-term field test. Injector deposit formation has been attributed to diesel fuel instability during storage in relation to fuel injection equipment (FIE) operating conditions. These deposits can occur at different locations within FIE and impact on fuel spray characteristics, causing threats to the proper functioning of the fuel injectors. The long-term field tests were performed with two new vehicles fitted with an advanced common rail (CR) fuel injection system, meeting the requirements of Euro 5. A high quality diesel fuel meeting the requirements of the EN 590 standard was used for both vehicles. A scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) detector was used for observation and imaging of external, coking injector deposits around the nozzle fuel-flow holes and internal diesel injector deposits (IDID) in the area of the nozzle needle. An elemental analysis was performed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDX). Evaluation of the macroscopic characteristics revealed that, despite the formation of external and internal injector deposits, there was no measurable loss of flow through the injectors. As a result, while injector deposits have adverse impacts on some injector macroscopic characteristics, they did not cause a significant deterioration of the injectors’ operating characteristic and their real performance.

scholarly journals X-Ray Flow Visualization in Multiphase Flows

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 543-567
Author(s):  
Alberto Aliseda ◽  
Theodore J. Heindel
Keyword(s):  
Flow Visualization ◽  
Multiphase Flows ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Optical Visualization

The use of X-ray flow visualization has brought a powerful new tool to the study of multiphase flows. Penetrating radiation can probe the spatial concentration of the different phases without the refraction, diffraction, or multiple scattering that usually produce image artifacts or reduce the signal-to-noise ratio below reliable values in optical visualization of multiphase flows; hence, X-ray visualization enables research into the three-dimensional (3D) structure of multiphase flows characterized by complex interfaces. With the commoditization of X-ray laboratory sources and wider access to synchrotron beam time for fluid mechanics, this novel imaging technique has shed light onto many multiphase flows of industrial and environmental interest under realistic 3D configurations and at realistic operating conditions (high Reynolds numbers and high volume fractions) that had defied study for decades. We present a broad survey of the most commonly studied multiphase flows (e.g., sprays, fluidized beds, bubble columns) in order to highlight the progress X-ray imaging has made in understanding the internal structure and multiphase coupling of these flows, and we discuss the potential of advanced tomography and time-resolved and particle tracking radiography for further study of multiphase flows.

scholarly journals Comparison of Achievable Contrast Features in Computed Tomography Observing the Growth of a 4H-SiC Bulk Crystal

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 3652
Author(s):  
Michael Salamon ◽  
Matthias Arzig ◽  
Peter J. Wellmann ◽  
Norman Uhlmann
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Rayleigh Scattering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Helical Ct ◽  
Photoelectric Effect ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Material Contrast ◽  
Set Up

Today the physical vapor transport process is regularly applied for the growth of bulk SiC crystals. Due to the required high temperature of up to 2400 °C, and low gas pressure of several Mbar inside the crucible, the systems are encapsulated by several layers for heating, cooling and isolation inhibiting the operator from observing the growth. Also, the crucible itself is fully encapsulated to avoid impurities from being inserted into the crystal or disturbing the temperature field distribution. Thus, once the crucible has been set up with SiC powder and the seed crystal, the visible access to the progress of growth is limited. In the past, X-ray radiography has allowed this limitation to be overcome by placing the crucible in between an X-ray source and a radiographic film. Recently these two-dimensional attenuation signals have been extended to three-dimensional density distribution by the technique of computed tomography (CT). Beside the classic X-ray attenuation signal dominated by photoelectric effect, Compton effect and Rayleigh scattering, X-ray diffraction resulting in the crystalline structure of the 4H-SiC superimposes the reconstructed result. In this contribution, the achievable material contrast related to the level of X-ray energy and the absorption effects is analyzed using different CT systems with energies from 125 kV to 9 MeV. Furthermore the X-ray diffraction influence is shown by the comparison between the advanced helical-CT method and the classical 3D-CT.

Ribosome Structural Organization

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 332-333
Author(s):  
James A. Lake
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Complete Sequences

The understanding of ribosome structure has advanced considerably in the last several years. Biochemists have characterized the constituent proteins and rRNA's of ribosomes. Complete sequences have been determined for some ribosomal proteins and specific antibodies have been prepared against all E. coli small subunit proteins. In addition, a number of naturally occuring systems of three dimensional ribosome crystals which are suitable for structural studies have been observed in eukaryotes. Although the crystals are, in general, too small for X-ray diffraction, their size is ideal for electron microscopy.

3-D reconstruction of molecular shape from microcrystal thin sections

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 748-749
Author(s):  
S. Cusack ◽  
J.-C. Jésior
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Molecular Shape ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Fourier Space ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction

Three-dimensional reconstruction techniques using electron microscopy have been principally developed for application to 2-D arrays (i.e. monolayers) of biological molecules and symmetrical single particles (e.g. helical viruses). However many biological molecules that crystallise form multilayered microcrystals which are unsuitable for study by either the standard methods of 3-D reconstruction or, because of their size, by X-ray crystallography. The grid sectioning technique enables a number of different projections of such microcrystals to be obtained in well defined directions (e.g. parallel to crystal axes) and poses the problem of how best these projections can be used to reconstruct the packing and shape of the molecules forming the microcrystal.Given sufficient projections there may be enough information to do a crystallographic reconstruction in Fourier space. We however have considered the situation where only a limited number of projections are available, as for example in the case of catalase platelets where three orthogonal and two diagonal projections have been obtained (Fig. 1).

X-ray microtomography

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
H.W. Deckman ◽  
B.F. Flannery ◽  
J.H. Dunsmuir ◽  
K.D' Amico
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Panoramic Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional Images

We have developed a new X-ray microscope which produces complete three dimensional images of samples. The microscope operates by performing X-ray tomography with unprecedented resolution. Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that creates maps of the internal structure of samples from measurement of the attenuation of penetrating radiation. As conventionally practiced in medical Computed Tomography (CT), radiologists produce maps of bone and tissue structure in several planar sections that reveal features with 1mm resolution and 1% contrast. Microtomography extends the capability of CT in several ways. First, the resolution which approaches one micron, is one thousand times higher than that of the medical CT. Second, our approach acquires and analyses the data in a panoramic imaging format that directly produces three-dimensional maps in a series of contiguous stacked planes. Typical maps available today consist of three hundred planar sections each containing 512x512 pixels. Finally, and perhaps of most import scientifically, microtomography using a synchrotron X-ray source, allows us to generate maps of individual element.

Revealing gross three-dimensional structure in the SEM

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 656-657
Author(s):  
Sterling P. Newberry
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Small Object ◽  
Final Solution ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Three Dimensional Representation ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Critical Point Drying

The beautiful three dimensional representation of small object surfaces by the SEM leads one to search for ways to open up the sample and look inside. Could this be the answer to a better microscopy for gross biological 3-D structure? We know from X-Ray microscope images that Freeze Drying and Critical Point Drying give promise of adequately preserving gross structure. Can we slice such preparations open for SEM inspection? In general these preparations crush more readily than they slice. Russell and Dagihlian got around the problem by “deembedding” a section before imaging. This some what defeats the advantages of direct dry preparation, thus we are reluctant to accept it as the final solution to our problem. Alternatively, consider fig 1 wherein a freeze dried onion root has a window cut in its surface by a micromanipulator during observation in the SEM.

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