Labour supply behaviour of married women in Toronto

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasanthi Thenuwara ◽  
Bryan Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Supply Elasticity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Unemployed

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the connection between labour supply and the wages of married women of different ages in Toronto using data from the 2010 Labour Force Survey of Canada. Design/methodology/approach – The authors employ three econometric techniques, ordinary least square, 2 stage least square and the Heckman two-step method to estimate the supply elasticities. The first two focus on the wage rate and hours conditional on the subjects being employed whereas the third method controls for sample selectivity bias by including the unemployed. Bootstrap test statistics are produced when the normality assumption for the error terms is found to be violated. Findings – The aggregate labour supply elasticity for married women in Toronto is estimated to be 0.053 which similar to value found for Canada for a whole in a previous study even though Toronto is much more diverse culturally than average. The labour supply elasticities for 25-34 year old and 35-44 year old married are estimated to be 0.108 and 0.079, respectively. The supply elasticity for married women aged 45-59 is not significantly different from 0. Originality/value – The paper shows that younger married women in Toronto are more responsive to an increase in wages than older women. The estimation procedure and the testing of the significance of coefficients are more rigorous than previous studies.

Do the calendar anomalies still exist? Evidence from Indian currency market

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Kumar ◽  
Rajesh Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Least Square ◽  
January Effect ◽  
Currency Markets ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Currency Market ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Calendar Anomalies ◽  
Ordinary Least Square Regression ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Using Data

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the presence of the day-of-the-week (DOW) and January effect in the Indian currency market for selected currency pairs; USD-(Indian rupee) INR, EUR-INR, GBP-INR and JPY-INR, from January, 1999 to December, 2014. Design/methodology/approach – Ordinary least square regression analysis is used to examine the presence of DOW and January effect to test the efficiency of the Indian currency market. The sample period is later divided into two sub-periods, that is, pre- and post-2008 to capture the behavior of returns before and after the 2008 financial crisis. Further, the authors also use the non-parametric technique, the Kruskal-Wallis test, to provide robustness check for the results. Findings – The results indicate that the returns during Monday to Wednesday are positive and higher than the returns on Thursday and Friday which show negative returns. The returns during January are found to be higher than the returns during rest of the year. Further, all currencies exhibit significant DOW and January effects in pre-crisis period, however, post-crisis; these effects disappear for all currencies indicating that the markets have become more efficient in the later time. The findings can be further attributed to the increased intervention in the forex markets by the Reserve Bank of India after the crisis. Practical implications – The results have important implications for both traders and investors. The findings suggest that the investors might not be able to earn excess profits by timing their positions in some particular currencies taking the advantage of DOW or January effect which in turn indicates that the currency markets have become more efficient with time. The results are in conformity with those reported for the developed markets. The results might be appealing to the practitioners as well in a way that they can consider the state of financial market for financial decision making. Originality/value – The authors provide the first study to examine the calendar anomalies (DOW and January effect) across a range of emerging currencies using 16 years of data from January, 1999 to December, 2014. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study has yet examined these calendar anomalies in the currency markets using data which covers two important periods, pre-2008 and post-2008.

Macroeconomic determinants of trade openness: empirical investigation of SAARC region

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tahir ◽  
SAF Hasnu ◽  
Mario Ruiz Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Least Square Method ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Currency Exchange ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Macroeconomic Determinants ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Trade openness plays a significant role in the growth process of countries. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of macroeconomic determinants on the trade openness of countries. Design/methodology/approach The study focuses on the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) member countries and the data used were from 1971 to 2011. Panel data econometrics techniques and two stages least square method (TSLS) are used to carry out empirical analysis and robustness testing. Findings The main finding of the paper is that macroeconomic determinants such as investment both in physical and human capital and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) positively affect trade openness. Further, the size of labour force and currency exchange rate has also impacted trade openness negatively and significantly. Practical implications It implies that efficient macroeconomic management matters for higher trade openness. The sampled developing countries are suggested to pay favourable attention to macroeconomic variables if they want to grow in the long run through outward-oriented policies. Originality/value This paper is an original contribution in the context of SAARC countries by focusing on the relationship between macroeconomic determinants and trade openness.

Labour supply dynamics at the extensive and intensive margins of the UK men and women

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lixin Cai
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
State Dependence ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Tobit Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Individual Heterogeneity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extensive And Intensive Margins ◽  
The Uk

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to enhance understanding labour supply dynamics of the UK workers by examining whether and to what extent there is state dependence in the labour supply at both the extensive and intensive margins.Design/methodology/approachA dynamic two-tiered Tobit model is applied to the first seven waves of Understanding Society: the UK Household Longitudinal Study. The model used accounts for observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity and serially correlated transitory shocks to labour supply to draw inferences on state dependence.FindingsThe results show that both observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity contributes to observed inter-temporal persistence of the labour supply of the UK workers, and the persistence remains after these factors are controlled for, suggesting true state dependence at both the extensive and intensive margins of the labour supply. The study also finds that at both the margins, the state dependence of labour supply is larger for females than for males and that for both genders the state dependence is larger for people with low education, mature aged workers and people with long-standing illness or impairment. The results also show that estimates from a conventional Tobit model may produce misleading inferences regarding labour supply at the extensive and intensive margins.Originality/valueThis study adds to the international literature on labour supply dynamics by providing empirical evidence for both the extensive and intensive margins of labour supply, while previous studies tend to focus on the extensive margin of labour force participation only. Also, unlike earlier studies that often focus on females, this study compares labour supply dynamics between males and females. The study also compares the estimates from the more flexible two-tiered Tobit model with that from the conventional Tobit model.

Socioeconomic Determinants of Early Retirement in Canada

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lynn McDonald ◽  
Richard A. Wanner
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Retirement Status ◽  
Mobility Study

ABSTRACTIn view of the trend toward increasing early retirement observed in Canada since the 1960's, this study attempts to determine the main socioeconomic factors influencing the decision to retire before age 65 among Canadian men and women. Using data from the 1973 Canadian Mobility Study, we estimate a series of models in which retirement is measured as both the degree of involvement in the labour force and a subjective declaration of retirement status. We conclude that those Canadians who retire early tend to be single men and married women employed by others who are better educated and whose nonearned income is higher than those who retire at a later age. As anticipated, early retirement experiences are different for men and women, reflecting the more precarious position of women in the labour market.

scholarly journals The Spillover Effects of Spousal Chronic Diseases on Married Couples’ Labour Supply: Evidence from China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (21) ◽  
pp. 4214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen ◽  
Zheng ◽  
Tan
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Level

The objective of this study is to examine the spillover effects of chronic diseases experienced by spouses on their wives or husbands’ labour supply. Using data from 2010 and 2012 of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this study employed a difference-in-difference (DD) strategy to investigate the average treatment effect of affected adults on their spouses’ working hours. The results show that, after their spouses were diagnosed with chronic diseases, the average weekly working hours of wives and husbands would be significantly reduced by 3.7–4.2 h and 3.8–4.4 h, respectively. Specially, the average weekly hours of full-time work would be reduced by 2.1–3.3 h for wives and 3.6–3.8 h for husbands. The effect was stronger for those married couples with lower socioeconomic status (SES), such as low-level education, family asset, non-labour income, while the effect was insignificant for high-level SES households. Therefore, as a result of the adverse spillover effects on household labour supply, chronic diseases could cause a greater loss of labour force productivity. Additionally, households in low levels of SES may suffer more losses from reduced labour supply when spousal chronic diseases take place.

Hungarian businesses are in hiring mood again

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Employment Gaps ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
Global Transport ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Eu

Significance Overall labour market figures have improved considerably in the past decade, and the traditionally low employment rate has now risen above the EU average. However, the government’s controversial public work scheme, serious employment gaps in several sub-segments and the persistently low allowance paid to the unemployed overshadow an otherwise positive picture. Impacts Current demographic trends shrinking the potential labour force will intensify a labour shortage. Shorter supply chains due to the pandemic driving up global transport costs will further increase local labour demand. In-depth reforms in education will be needed if Hungary is to shift to an innovation-led economy and break out of the middle-income trap.

Early Retirement in a Period of High Unemployment

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Laczko ◽  
Angela Dale ◽  
Sara Arber ◽  
G. Nigel Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Early Retirement ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
General Household Survey

ABSTRACTEarly retirement is a policy for tackling unemployment which is popular among unions, employers and government, but there has been little recent research on its social implications for the individuals concerned. This article examines the reasons given by older men for retiring early and investigates the extent of income poverty in early retirement. Particular attention is paid to how early retirement is defined and to the differences between the early retired, the sick and the unemployed. Using data for men aged 60–64 from the General Household Survey for the years 1980–82 and from the Labour Force Survey of 1983, it is shown that ill-health is a less important reason for retirement than previous studies have suggested and that those who retire early are divided by class, with manual workers being more likely to retire early because of redundancy and more likely to be living on very low incomes than non-manual workers.

scholarly journals What to do when the robots come? Non-formal education in jobs affected by automation

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sierdjan Koster ◽  
Claudia Brunori
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Effects ◽  
Labour Market Position ◽  
Market Regimes ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Geographical Dimension

PurposeOngoing automation processes may render a fair share of the existing jobs redundant or change their nature. This begs the question to what extent employees affected invest in training in order to strengthen their labour market position in times of uncertainty. Given the different national labour market regimes and institutions, there may be an important geographical dimension to the opportunities to cope with the challenges set by automation. The purpose of this study is to address both issues.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from the 2016 European labour Force Survey, the authors estimate with logit and multi-level regression analyses how the automation risk of a worker's job is associated with the propensity of following non-formal education/training. The authors allow this relationship to vary across European countries.FindingsThe results show that employees in jobs vulnerable to automation invest relatively little in training. Also, there are significant differences across Europe in both the provision of training in general and the effect of automation on training provision.Originality/valueWhile there is quite a lot of research on the structural labour market effects of automation, relatively little is known about the actions that employees take to deal with the uncertainty they are faced with. This article aims to contribute to our understanding of such mechanisms underlying the structural macro-level labour-market dynamics.

APAKAH PELATIHAN BERDAMPAK PADA UPAH? STUDI KASUS SURVEI ANGKATAN KERJA NASIONAL TAHUN 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ardhian Kurniawati ◽  
Hennigusnia Hennigusnia
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Wage Increases ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training

Human capital is one of the important things in the competitiveness and economic growth of a country. It can be obtained through various ways, one of them through education and training. There are a lot of research focused on investment in returning human capital through education. This study tries to determine the impact of training on one's wages using data from the 2018 National Labour Force Survey. The Estimation using Mincerian Model with Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Estimation result show that training would increase wages by 12.15%. In addition this study also found differences in wage increases between men and women who have received training. Men who have received training tended to experience a 33.13% increase in wages compared to women who have received training.

A study of the relationships among environmental performance, environmental disclosure, and financial performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Wenxiang Lu ◽  
Martin Edward Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Simultaneous Equation ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Environmental Disclosure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Industry Effect ◽  
Using Data

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the relationships among environmental performance (EP), environmental disclosure (ED), and financial performance (FP) (three corporate constructs) using data from Newsweek’s green rankings. Design/methodology/approach Previous studies document mixed results about the relations among the three constructs. A firm’s overall management strategy may affect the three constructs simultaneously; therefore, the interrelationships among EP, ED, and FP were jointly examined. A simultaneous equations approach was used to test the hypothesis. Findings The three-stage least square (3SLS) estimation results show a negative relationship between EP and FP and a positive relationship between EP and ED, suggesting that financially successful firms are less likely good environmental performers but green firms are more likely to disclose their EP. Research limitations/implications Since the sample firms examined in this study are US large-size companies, the results found in this paper may not apply to small- and/or medium-size firms or to companies in other countries. Practical implications Three corporate constructs are jointly correlated with each one. A firm’s overall strategic plan on environmental engagement is likely reflected in how it engages in each of the constructs that affect costs and benefits. Sustainable efforts, in short term, may put firms at risk. Companies may need to take a long-term perspective when cutting costs is curtailed. Originality/value The research contributes to the ED and EP literature by using a 3SLS simultaneous equation method and analyzing a more recent and comprehensive multi-industry data. By controlling industry effect, the research investigates the interrelationships among three corporate constructs and finds interesting results. An interpretation and discussion are provided.

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