Coefficient of friction of dry sliding Al 6061-T6 alloy under different loading conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivasula Reddy I. ◽  
Vadivuchezhian Kaliveeran
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Hertzian Contact ◽  
Dry Sliding ◽  
Automobile Engineering ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Al 6061 ◽  
Contact Configuration ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

Purpose This paper aims to focus on the effect of normal load, sliding speed and temperature on the coefficient of friction of Al 6061-T6 alloy under dry sliding conditions. Design/methodology/approach Dry sliding experiments were conducted using rotary type pin on disk tribometer. Pins with 3 mm radius of contact and circular disks of 165 mm diameter were fabricated to simulate Hertzian contact configuration. Experiments were conducted by applying three different normal loads (1, 1.5 and 2 kg) and three different sliding speeds (1.25, 2 and 3 m/s) at different temperatures [room temperature (31 ± 1 °C), 60 °C, 100 °C and 150 °C]. Findings Coefficient of friction at end of the first cycle of sliding, stabilized stage, unsteady state and steady state are reported elaborately in this study. Adhesive and abrasive wear mechanisms were observed in the dry sliding of Al 6061- T6 alloy contacts from the microscopic analysis of worn contact surfaces. The coefficient of friction was more influenced by the increase in normal load than the increase in sliding speed and temperature. Practical implications The results obtained from this study are significant for the design of aluminium-to-aluminium contacts in aerospace engineering and automobile engineering. Originality/value This study reveals the coefficient of friction of aluminium-to-aluminium (Al 6061-T6 alloy) contacts under cylinder on flat contact configuration.

Effect of Micro-Size Cenosphere Content on Friction and Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Vinylester Composites – A Taguchi Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 585 ◽  
pp. 569-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.R. Chauhan ◽  
Sunil Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Friction And Wear ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Dry Sliding ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Applied Normal Load ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Sliding Distance

In this paper the friction and wear characteristics of vinylester and vinylester composites have been investigated under dry sliding conditions for different applied normal load, sliding speed and sliding distance. The experiments have been carried on a pin on disc arrangement at normal room temperature conditions. The influence of friction and wear parameters like normal load, speed, sliding distance and percentage of filler content on the friction and wear rate has been investigated. In this study, a plan of experiments based on the techniques of Taguchi was performed to acquire data in a controlled way. An orthogonal array L27 (313) and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to investigate the influence of process parameters on the coefficient of friction and sliding wear behaviour of these composites. The Taguchi design of experiment approach eliminates the need for repeated experiments and thus saves time, material and cost. The results showed that with increase in the applied normal load and sliding speed the coefficient of friction and specific wear rate decreases under dry sliding conditions. It is also found that a thin film formed on the counterface seems to be effective in improving the tribological characteristics. The results showed that the inclusion of cenosphere as filler materials in vinylester composites will increase the wear resistance of the composite significantly.

Study of behaviour of aluminium oxide nanoparticles suspended in SAE20W40 oil under extreme pressure lubrication

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avinash A. Thakre ◽  
Animesh Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Extreme Pressure ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Pin On Disc ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to include investigation on extreme pressure lubrication behaviour of Al2O3 nanoparticles suspended in SAE20W40 lubricating oil. Effects of nanoparticles size (40-80 nm) and its concentration (0-1 per cent) on the coefficient of friction is studied using pin-on-disc tribotester. Design/methodology/approach – Taguchi technique is used to optimize the process parameters for lower coefficient of friction. L18 orthogonal array involving six levels for one factor and three levels for remaining three factors is selected for the experimentation. The parameters selected for the study are sliding speed, normal load, nanoparticles size and its concentration in base oil. Findings – It has been found that the presence of nanoparticles in proper concentration shows excellent tribological improvement in frictional characteristics compared to the base oil. The optimal combination of the parameters for minimum coefficient of friction is found to be 0.8 per cent concentration of 60 nm sized Al2O3 nanoparticles, 1,200 rpm sliding speed and 160 N of normal load. The mechanism of friction reduction in presence of nanoparticles is investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Originality/value – This is the original work.

Modelling the tribological response in dry sliding of boron modified as-cast Ti6Al4V on hardened steel

2021 ◽  
pp. 135065012110592
Author(s):  
Palash Roy Choudhury ◽  
Korimilli Eswar Prasad ◽  
John K. Schueller ◽  
Abhijit Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Boron Content ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dry Sliding ◽  
Contour Plots ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
En 31 ◽  
Full Factorial

Tribological characteristics of boron modified as-cast Ti6Al4V alloys are not very well known, but these alloys enjoy improved as-cast mechanical properties and favourable manufacturing economy. Experimental results are reported here for the effects of sliding speed and normal load on the wear rate and the coefficient of friction in dry sliding of these alloys on hardened EN 31 steel. Alloys having 0%, 0.30%, and 0.55% boron by weight were tested. A full factorial experiment assessed the effects of boron content, speed, and load on wear and friction. Interactions between speed and load were found to be statistically significant in influencing the wear rate and the coefficient of friction. Regression models are developed to predict the wear rate and coefficient of friction responses. The developed contour plots can assist designers in choosing operating conditions when selecting these alloys even if the wear mechanisms are unknown. Evidence shows that the wear resistance of Ti6Al4V can be improved by boron addition, and wear regimes are sensitive to boron content.

Paper 19: Unlubricated Sliding at High Speeds between Copper and Steel Surfaces

1966 ◽  
Vol 181 (15) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Kadhim ◽  
S. W. E. Earles
Keyword(s):  
Oxide Layer ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Steel Disc ◽  
Steel Surfaces

Experiments are described in which stationary copper specimens are rubbed in a normal atmosphere against a rotating S62 steel disc under normal loads up to 4·5 lbf. The coefficient of friction is measured at sliding speeds of 93, 220, 328, and 490 ft/s using ⅛-in diameter specimens. Except at the lowest speed a gradual buildup of a continuous copper oxide layer on the disc track is observed with increasing normal load together with a corresponding decrease in the coefficient of friction. Having established an oxide layer on the track the coefficient of friction observed is low for all normal loads. The coefficient of friction is shown to decrease with normal load N and sliding speed U, to be a function of N1/2 U, and to depend on the state of the disc surface. Wear of -in diameter specimens is measured by weighing before and after a test. The wear rate is shown to decrease with sliding speed and increase with load, and for speeds of 220 and 328 ft/s to be a function of N/U. The wear rates measured at 93 ft/s are the same function of N/U for low values of N/U.

scholarly journals Influence of Nanographite on Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Novel Encapsulated Squeeze Cast Al-Cu-Mg Metal Matrix Composite Using Artificial Neural Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
L. Natrayan ◽  
M. Ravichandran ◽  
Dhinakaran Veeman ◽  
P. Sureshkumar ◽  
T. Jagadeesha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Matrix ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Dry Sliding Wear ◽  
Dry Sliding ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Squeeze Cast ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Sliding Wear Behaviour

This paper investigates the dry sliding wear behaviour of squeeze cast Al-Cu-Mg reinforced with nanographite metal matrix composites. The experimental study employed the Taguchi method. The Taguchi method plays a significant role in analyzing aluminium matrix composite sliding tribological behaviour. Specifically, this method was found to be efficient, systematic, and simple relative to the optimization of wear and friction test parameters such as load (10, 20, and 30), velocity (0.75, 1.5, and 2.25 m/s), and nanographite (1, 3, and 5 wt%). The optimization and results were compared with the artificial neural network. An orthogonal array L27 was employed for the experimental design. Analysis of variance was carried out to understand the impact of individual factors and interactions on the specific wear rate and the coefficient of friction. The wear mechanism, surface morphologies, and composition of the composites have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results indicated that wt% addition of nanographite and increase of sliding speed led to a decrease in the coefficient of friction and wear rate of tested composites. Furthermore, individual parameter interactions revealed a smaller impact. The interactions involved wt% of nano-Gr and sliding speed, sliding speed and normal load, and wt% of nano-Gr and normal load. This inference was informed by the similarity between the results obtained ANN, ANOVA, and the experimental data.

Wear and Failure Mechanism of PTFE/SiO2/Epoxy Composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Shen ◽  
Y. T. Pei ◽  
J. Th. M. De Hosson
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Dry Sliding ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

In this work, the wear and failure mechanism of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/SiO2/epoxy composites with a high concentration of SiO2 particles under dry sliding is examined. In the composite with 12.5 wt.% PTFE, a significant rise of the coefficient of friction (COF) appears after sliding over several kilometers and under a load of 60 N against balls made out of Al2O3 and steel. It is attributed to an accumulation of back-transferred Al2O3/steel and fractured SiO2 on the worn composite surfaces as well as a reduction of PTFE on worn SiO2 surfaces. The TiC/a-C:H coated ball yields the most stable COF. It is also observed that the loading capacity of the composite decreases with increasing PTFE concentration. Massive wear of the composites is seen after few kilometers sliding when the normal load rises above the loading capacity. The increased wear is due to a high concentration of PTFE which lowers the hardness as well as the compressive strength of the composites.

Friction and Wear of Unlubricated Steel Surfaces at Speeds up to 655 FT/S

1965 ◽  
Vol 180 (1) ◽  
pp. 531-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. E. Earles ◽  
M. J. Kadhim
Keyword(s):  
Oxide Layer ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Specimen Diameter ◽  
Abrasive Surface ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

The friction force between 1/8, 3/32 and 1/16 in diameter, and the wear of 3/32 in diameter, specimens of En 1A steel sliding on a disc of S62 steel are measured at speeds between 93 and 655 ft/s, the normal load on the specimen varying between 0.2 and 4.5 lbf. The coefficient of friction is shown to be dependent on sliding speed, normal load and specimen diameter, and to be a function of N1/2 U, where N is the normal load and U is the sliding speed. It is suggested that the coefficient of friction is dependent on the specimen contact surface condition which is dependent on the specimen surface temperature. There is evidence to suggest a gradual change in the mechanism of sliding with increasing magnitude of N1/2 U from, (i) metallic abrasion and tearing of an oxide layer, (ii) to skidding on and shallow ploughing of an oxide layer, (iii) to gliding over and shearing of a soft surface layer. It appears that the coefficient of friction is independent of, whereas specimen wear is dependent on, the disc surface condition. At low loads the material transferred from the specimen tends to form a continuous oxide layer on the disc., while at high loads there is the formation and tearing of a thick oxide layer, presenting a more abrasive surface to the specimen with a relative increase in wear. Generally specimen wear per sliding distance increases with N and decreases with U.

Experimental Investigation of aluminum doping crumb rubber/epoxy composite in reciprocating motion

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Goutam Chandra Karar ◽  
Nipu Modak
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Epoxy Composite ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reciprocating Motion ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Friction Tester ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

The experimental investigation of reciprocating motion between the aluminum doped crumb rubber /epoxy composite and the steel ball has been carried out under Reciprocating Friction Tester, TR-282 to study the wear and coefficient of frictions using different normal loads (0.4Kg, 0.7Kgand1Kg), differentfrequencies (10Hz, 25Hz and 40Hz).The wear is a function of normal load, reciprocating frequency, reciprocating duration and the composition of the material. The percentage of aluminum presents in the composite changesbut the other components remain the same.The four types of composites are fabricated by compression molding process having 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% Al. The effect of different parameters such as normal load, reciprocating frequency and percentage of aluminum has been studied. It is observed that the wear and coefficient of friction is influenced by the parameters. The tendency of wear goes on decreasing with the increase of normal load and it is minimum for a composite having 10%aluminum at a normal load of 0.7Kg and then goes on increasing at higher loads for all types of composite due to the adhesive nature of the composite. The coefficient of friction goes on decreasing with increasing normal loads due to the formation of thin film as an effect of heat generation with normal load.

Paper 16: Friction in Wet Clutches

1967 ◽  
Vol 182 (14) ◽  
pp. 132-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Evans ◽  
J. Whittle
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Sliding Speed ◽  
Friction Materials ◽  
Friction Characteristics ◽  
Sliding Surfaces ◽  
Base Oils ◽  
Wet Friction ◽  
Friction Clutch ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

This paper is intended to demonstrate that designers of wet clutches for power transmission can obtain the optimum friction characteristics for specific applications by considering the interaction between friction materials and lubricants. A friction clutch plate rig is described and the friction results obtained are presented. It is shown that a wide variation of coefficients of friction and frictional characteristics in wet friction clutches can be obtained by changing the oils and friction materials. In particular the coefficient of friction is dependent upon (1) the oil, (2) the materials of the sliding surfaces, (3) sliding speed, and (4) temperature. It is also shown that the coefficient of friction is affected by ( a) refining treatment given to the oil, ( b) different base oils, and ( c) additives.

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