Designing marine protected areas for migrating fish stocks

Compliance with spatial fishing regulations (e.g., marine protected areas, fishing closures) is one of the most important, yet rarely measured, determinants of ecological recovery. We used aerial observations of recreational fishing events from creel surveys before, during, and after 77 Rockfish Conservation Areas (RCAs) were established in British Columbia, Canada. There was no evidence of a change in fishing effort in 83% of the RCAs, and effort in five RCAs increased after establishment. Fishing effort in open areas adjacent to the RCAs declined with time and was higher than effort in the RCAs in all 3 years. Next, we used compliance data for 105 RCAs around Vancouver Island to model the drivers of compliance. Compliance was related to the level of fishing effort around the RCA, the size and perimeter-to-area ratio of RCAs, proximity to fishing lodges, and the level of enforcement. Noncompliance in RCAs may be hampering their effectiveness and impeding rockfish recovery. Education and enforcement efforts to reduce fishing effort inside protected areas are critical to the recovery of depleted fish stocks.

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MARINE CAPTURE FISHERIES POLICY FORMULATION AND THE ROLE OF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS AS TOOL FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA

Marine Research in Indonesia ◽

10.14203/mri.v30i0.422 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 33-45

Author(s):

D. G.R. Wiadnya ◽

P. J. Mous ◽

R. Djohani ◽

M. V. Erdmann ◽

A. Halim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protected Areas ◽

Marine Protected Areas ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Code Of Conduct ◽

Fishing Effort ◽

Policy Formulation ◽

Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽

Fish Stocks ◽

Fisheries Policy

The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries states that conservation and management decisions for fisheries should be based on the best scientific evidence available. Studies show that most of Indonesia's capture fisheries are either full or over-exploited. However, the fishery sector is still expected to contribute to the increase of Indonesia's GNP through an increase in total catches. Furthermore, the current practice of using catch-effort data and Maximum Sustainable Yield models to inform Indonesia’s fisheries policies is flawed, putting sustainability and long-term profitability of Indonesia's fisheries at risk. In this paper, the authors argue that to ensure the survival of Indonesia's fish stocks and fisheries: fisheries policy must shift from development-oriented management towards management for sustainability. Furthermore, fisheries managers must accept that 'untapped resources' may not exist or cannot be exploited profitably, and that any transfer of fishing effort between fishing grounds may contribute to collapse of local fisheries. Also, fisheries managers should change the management paradigm from MSY models to eco-system based management, wherein Marine Protected Areas should play an important role.

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Lack of recreational fishing compliance may compromise effectiveness of Rockfish Conservation Areas in British Columbia

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/cjfas-2015-0205 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (10) ◽

pp. 1587-1598 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Dana R. Haggarty ◽

Steve J.D. Martell ◽

Jonathan B. Shurin

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Protected Areas ◽

Marine Protected Areas ◽

Fishing Effort ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Recreational Fishing ◽

Conservation Areas ◽

Fish Stocks ◽

Ecological Recovery ◽

Recovery Education

Compliance with spatial fishing regulations (e.g., marine protected areas, fishing closures) is one of the most important, yet rarely measured, determinants of ecological recovery. We used aerial observations of recreational fishing events from creel surveys before, during, and after 77 Rockfish Conservation Areas (RCAs) were established in British Columbia, Canada. There was no evidence of a change in fishing effort in 83% of the RCAs, and effort in five RCAs increased after establishment. Fishing effort in open areas adjacent to the RCAs declined with time and was higher than effort in the RCAs in all 3 years. Next, we used compliance data for 105 RCAs around Vancouver Island to model the drivers of compliance. Compliance was related to the level of fishing effort around the RCA, the size and perimeter-to-area ratio of RCAs, proximity to fishing lodges, and the level of enforcement. Noncompliance in RCAs may be hampering their effectiveness and impeding rockfish recovery. Education and enforcement efforts to reduce fishing effort inside protected areas are critical to the recovery of depleted fish stocks.

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A importância da gestão compartilhada e das áreas marinhas protegidas para o sistema socioecológico da pesca artesanal: O caso das reservas extrativistas marinhas

GeoTextos ◽

10.9771/1984-5537geo.v8i2.6281 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raquel De Carvalho Dumith

Keyword(s):

Protected Areas ◽

Marine Protected Areas ◽

Customary Law ◽

Artisanal Fishing ◽

Fish Stocks ◽

Social Ecological Systems ◽

Social Ecological ◽

Hunting And Gathering ◽

Fishing Sector ◽

Extractive Reserves

Em decorrência da constância de colapsos que o setor pesqueiro artesanal vem enfrentando ao redor do mundo, as demandas por medidas mitigadoras têm aumentado e, com isso, a discussão da necessidade de uma gestão solidamente eficaz dos recursos naturais oriundos da pesca se mostra cada vez mais iminente. As Áreas Marinhas Protegidas têm se mostrado alternativas interessantes para a manutenção dos recursos pesqueiros, principalmente aquelas denominadas Reservas Extrativistas (RESEXs) Marinhas. As RESEXs Marinhas, além de assegurarem o direito consuetudinário de posse para as comunidades extrativistas tradicionais, proveem a ação da gestão compartilhada como instrumento de manejo. A gestão compartilhada é fundamental por objetivar a integração de todos os atores envolvidos no processo de manejo dos recursos naturais, desde a esfera local até a governamental, o que promove o estímulo de práticas mais democráticas e socialmente mais justas. Abstract THE IMPORTANCE OF CO-MANAGEMENT AND MARINE PROTECTED AREAS TO SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF ARTISANAL FISHERIES: THE CASE OF MARINE EXTRACTIVE RESERVES Due to the constancy of collapses that the artisanal fishing sector is experiencing around the world, demands for mitigating measures have increased and, together, 98. GeoTextos, vol. 8, n. 2, dez. 2012. R. Dumith. 97-121 the discussion of the need for solidly effective management of natural resources from the fishing shows increasingly imminent. Marine Protected Areas have proven to be interesting alternatives to the maintenance of fish stocks, especially those called Marine Extractive Reserves. The Marine Extractive Reserves, besides ensuring the customary law of possession for the traditional hunting and gathering communities, predict the action of co-management as a tool of management. Co-management is crucial for the integration of all the target actors involved in the process of natural resource management, both local sphere and governmental one, which promotes the encouragement of more democratic practices and socially fairer.

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Integrating marine protected areas with catch regulation

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f05-243 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 642-649 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

Ray Hilborn ◽

Fiorenza Micheli ◽

Giulio A De Leo

Keyword(s):

Protected Areas ◽

Marine Protected Areas ◽

Larval Dispersal ◽

Single Species ◽

Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽

Fish Stock ◽

Total Allowable Catch ◽

Fish Stocks ◽

The Impact ◽

Stock Abundance

Previous models of marine protected areas (MPAs) have generally assumed that there were no existing regulations on catch and have frequently shown that MPAs, by themselves, can be used to maintain both sustainable fish stocks and sustainable harvests. We explore the impact of implementing an MPA in a spatially structured model of a single-species fish stock that is regulated by total allowable catch (TAC). We find that when a stock is managed at maximum sustainable yield, or is overfished, implementation of an MPA will require a reduction in TAC to avoid increased fishing pressure on the stock outside the MPA. In both cases, catches will be lower as a result of overlaying an MPA on existing fisheries management. Only when the stock is so overfished that it is headed towards extinction does an MPA not lead to lower catches. In a TAC-regulated fishery, even if the stock is overfished, MPA implementation may not improve overall stock abundance or increase harvest unless catch is simultaneously reduced in the areas outside the MPA. Models that consider differential adult and larval dispersal need to be explored to see if these results are found with the more complex biology of a two-stage model.

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Overfishing

10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0019 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ray Hilborn

Keyword(s):

Protected Areas ◽

Fisheries Management ◽

Marine Protected Areas ◽

Popular Media ◽

Fish Stock ◽

Fish Stocks ◽

Dramatic Decline ◽

Fish Catch ◽

The Impact ◽

Globally Stable

This chapter calls into question the veracity of stories, often seen in the scientific literature and popular media, describing the collapse of fish stocks and predicting a soon-to-be-seen dramatic decline in food production from the ocean. In fact, detailed scientific analyses suggest that fish stock abundance is globally stable, and much of the decline in fish catch has been due to more stringent management of fisheries in many countries. This has led to a polarization between those who look at abundance trends, and argue that improving fisheries management is the solution, and those who look at catch and argue that fisheries management does not work and marine protected areas are needed. Data clearly support the effectiveness of fisheries management, whereas remarkably little data demonstrates the impact of marine protected areas outside of the closed areas. This chapter argues the actual impacts of MPAs need to be evaluated much more intensively.

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Preventing overexploitation of migratory fish stocks: the efficacy of marine protected areas in a stochastic environment

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fsp159 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 66 (9) ◽

pp. 1919-1930 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Christopher D. West ◽

Calvin Dytham ◽

David Righton ◽

Jonathan W. Pitchford

Keyword(s):

Protected Areas ◽

Marine Protected Areas ◽

Environmental Stochasticity ◽

Fish Populations ◽

Stochastic Environment ◽

Migratory Fish ◽

Deterministic Analysis ◽

Fish Stocks ◽

Harvest Control Rule ◽

Stable Equilibria

Abstract West, C. D., Dytham, C., Righton, D., and Pitchford, J.W. 2009. Preventing overexploitation of migratory fish stocks: the efficacy of marine protected areas in a stochastic environment. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1919–1930. Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been widely proposed for protecting overexploited fish populations. It has been suggested that fisheries may be enhanced by spillover of individuals from MPAs into fishing grounds. However, traditional spillover studies fail to account for the seasonal migrations of many populations. Most fisheries models also fail to include the stochasticity inherent in marine environments explicitly. Here we assess MPA efficacy using a simple population model simulating the migration of fish populations between a spawning ground MPA and a fishery. Including realistic environmental stochasticity in our model allows the population to deviate from, and shift between, positive stable equilibria, something that is impossible in a deterministic analysis. This deviation may result in population collapse in cases where deterministic analysis predicts population persistence. We show that, although effective at low migration levels, the ability of MPAs to protect stocks from collapse generally decreases as migration increases. However, an MPA provides greater protection and greater expected fisheries yield than a system without an MPA, irrespective of migration level. Combining MPAs with a harvest control rule may further increase protection and yield. We therefore argue that MPAs can play a role in the protection of migratory species.

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Geografias relacionais: A festa no Santuário de Fátima em Fortaleza-CE

GeoTextos ◽

10.9771/1984-5537geo.v8i2.6010 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Tiago Vieira Cavalcante ◽

Christian Dennys Monteiro de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Protected Areas ◽

Marine Protected Areas ◽

Customary Law ◽

Artisanal Fishing ◽

Fish Stocks ◽

Social Ecological Systems ◽

Social Ecological ◽

Hunting And Gathering ◽

Fishing Sector ◽

Extractive Reserves

O objetivo do presente trabalho é demonstrar qual é o sentido geográfico da dinâmica da festa em seu âmbito relacional. Para isso, fomos ao Santuário de Fátima em Fortaleza-CE na tentativa de analisarmos os movimentos (dinâmicas verticais e horizontais) que constroem o sentido festivo que o Santuário possui, assim como a legitimação e a posteridade que a festa oferece às representações a ela vinculadas. A geografia relacional entra, nesse sentido, como prática cotidiana responsável pela elaboração do momento efêmero que é a festa e os seus rebatimentos espaço-temporais que acompanham o sentido do Santuário de Fátima permanentemente. Abstract THE IMPORTANCE OF CO-MANAGEMENT AND MARINE PROTECTED AREAS TO SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF ARTISANAL FISHERIES: THE CASE OF MARINE EXTRACTIVE RESERVES Due to the constancy of collapses that the artisanal fishing sector is experiencing around the world, demands for mitigating measures have increased and, together, 98. GeoTextos, vol. 8, n. 2, dez. 2012. R. Dumith. 97-121 the discussion of the need for solidly effective management of natural resources from the fishing shows increasingly imminent. Marine Protected Areas have proven to be interesting alternatives to the maintenance of fish stocks, especially those called Marine Extractive Reserves. The Marine Extractive Reserves, besides ensuring the customary law of possession for the traditional hunting and gathering communities, predict the action of co-management as a tool of management. Co-management is crucial for the integration of all the target actors involved in the process of natural resource management, both local sphere and governmental one, which promotes the encouragement of more democratic practices and socially fairer.

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Current Issues of Taiwan's Marine Protected Areas Legal Regime

Hasanuddin Law Review ◽

10.20956/halrev.v6i3.2484 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 172

Author(s):

Adrian Nugraha

Keyword(s):

Protected Areas ◽

Marine Protected Areas ◽

Marine Protected Area ◽

Coastal Zone Management ◽

Marine Conservation ◽

Institutional Arrangements ◽

Legal Regime ◽

Fish Stocks ◽

Zone Management ◽

Actual Field

As an 'Ocean Nation,' it is essential for Taiwan to make efforts to conserve its aquatic zones through marine protected areas (MPAs). Marine protected areas have considered one of the most precise methods of maintaining sustainable ecosystems and restoring fish stocks. This article discusses the legal regime for marine protected areas currently applied and its institutional arrangements in Taiwan. This study emphasizes legal issues in Taiwan's marine conservation efforts. This paper analyzes eight primary legislation relating to marine protected areas in Taiwan. Furthermore, to acquire actual field data, this study conducted interviews with a semi-structured questionnaire in three prominent Taiwan institutions related to their marine conservation task. All data obtained were analyzed and presented qualitatively. The issues of Taiwan's marine protected area legal regime have been identified. First, the main issue in Taiwan is that the legal basis for marine conservation is the legislation applied to land. Second, the existing maritime law regime in Taiwan does not emphasize marine conservation efforts. Subsequently, this article also discusses institutional arrangements related to Taiwan's marine protected areas. This paper also offers possible solutions. Enforcing five key Acts related to marine conservation, particularly the 2015 Act of Coastal Zone Management and strengthening institutional Taiwan's Ocean Affairs Council, are the solutions offered in this study.

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