scholarly journals MARINE CAPTURE FISHERIES POLICY FORMULATION AND THE ROLE OF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS AS TOOL FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 33-45
Author(s):  
D. G.R. Wiadnya ◽  
P. J. Mous ◽  
R. Djohani ◽  
M. V. Erdmann ◽  
A. Halim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Fisheries Policy

The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries states that conservation and management decisions for fisheries should be based on the best scientific evidence available. Studies show that most of Indonesia's capture fisheries are either full or over-exploited. However, the fishery sector is still expected to contribute to the increase of Indonesia's GNP through an increase in total catches. Furthermore, the current practice of using catch-effort data and Maximum Sustainable Yield models to inform Indonesia’s fisheries policies is flawed, putting sustainability and long-term profitability of Indonesia's fisheries at risk. In this paper, the authors argue that to ensure the survival of Indonesia's fish stocks and fisheries: fisheries policy must shift from development-oriented management towards management for sustainability. Furthermore, fisheries managers must accept that 'untapped resources' may not exist or cannot be exploited profitably, and that any transfer of fishing effort between fishing grounds may contribute to collapse of local fisheries. Also, fisheries managers should change the management paradigm from MSY models to eco-system based management, wherein Marine Protected Areas should play an important role.

scholarly journals Lack of recreational fishing compliance may compromise effectiveness of Rockfish Conservation Areas in British Columbia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Haggarty ◽  
Steve J.D. Martell ◽  
Jonathan B. Shurin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Recreational Fishing ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Ecological Recovery ◽  
Recovery Education

Compliance with spatial fishing regulations (e.g., marine protected areas, fishing closures) is one of the most important, yet rarely measured, determinants of ecological recovery. We used aerial observations of recreational fishing events from creel surveys before, during, and after 77 Rockfish Conservation Areas (RCAs) were established in British Columbia, Canada. There was no evidence of a change in fishing effort in 83% of the RCAs, and effort in five RCAs increased after establishment. Fishing effort in open areas adjacent to the RCAs declined with time and was higher than effort in the RCAs in all 3 years. Next, we used compliance data for 105 RCAs around Vancouver Island to model the drivers of compliance. Compliance was related to the level of fishing effort around the RCA, the size and perimeter-to-area ratio of RCAs, proximity to fishing lodges, and the level of enforcement. Noncompliance in RCAs may be hampering their effectiveness and impeding rockfish recovery. Education and enforcement efforts to reduce fishing effort inside protected areas are critical to the recovery of depleted fish stocks.

scholarly journals Lack of recreational fishing compliance may compromise effectiveness of Rockfish Conservation Areas in British Columbia

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 1587-1598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana R. Haggarty ◽  
Steve J.D. Martell ◽  
Jonathan B. Shurin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Recreational Fishing ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Ecological Recovery ◽  
Recovery Education

Compliance with spatial fishing regulations (e.g., marine protected areas, fishing closures) is one of the most important, yet rarely measured, determinants of ecological recovery. We used aerial observations of recreational fishing events from creel surveys before, during, and after 77 Rockfish Conservation Areas (RCAs) were established in British Columbia, Canada. There was no evidence of a change in fishing effort in 83% of the RCAs, and effort in five RCAs increased after establishment. Fishing effort in open areas adjacent to the RCAs declined with time and was higher than effort in the RCAs in all 3 years. Next, we used compliance data for 105 RCAs around Vancouver Island to model the drivers of compliance. Compliance was related to the level of fishing effort around the RCA, the size and perimeter-to-area ratio of RCAs, proximity to fishing lodges, and the level of enforcement. Noncompliance in RCAs may be hampering their effectiveness and impeding rockfish recovery. Education and enforcement efforts to reduce fishing effort inside protected areas are critical to the recovery of depleted fish stocks.

Integrating marine protected areas with catch regulation

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Hilborn ◽  
Fiorenza Micheli ◽  
Giulio A De Leo
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Larval Dispersal ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
Total Allowable Catch ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Stock Abundance

Previous models of marine protected areas (MPAs) have generally assumed that there were no existing regulations on catch and have frequently shown that MPAs, by themselves, can be used to maintain both sustainable fish stocks and sustainable harvests. We explore the impact of implementing an MPA in a spatially structured model of a single-species fish stock that is regulated by total allowable catch (TAC). We find that when a stock is managed at maximum sustainable yield, or is overfished, implementation of an MPA will require a reduction in TAC to avoid increased fishing pressure on the stock outside the MPA. In both cases, catches will be lower as a result of overlaying an MPA on existing fisheries management. Only when the stock is so overfished that it is headed towards extinction does an MPA not lead to lower catches. In a TAC-regulated fishery, even if the stock is overfished, MPA implementation may not improve overall stock abundance or increase harvest unless catch is simultaneously reduced in the areas outside the MPA. Models that consider differential adult and larval dispersal need to be explored to see if these results are found with the more complex biology of a two-stage model.

scholarly journals Potential changes in the connectivity of marine protected areas driven by extreme ocean warming

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Shigihara Lima ◽  
Douglas Francisco Marcolino Gherardi ◽  
Luciano Ponzi Pezzi ◽  
Leilane Gonçalves dos Passos ◽  
Clarissa Akemi Kajiya Endo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
Southwest Atlantic ◽  
Tropical Ocean ◽  
Regional Effects ◽  
Rcp 8.5

AbstractProjected future climate scenarios anticipate a warmer tropical ocean and changes in surface currents that will likely influence the survival of marine organisms and the connectivity of marine protected areas (MPAs) networks. We simulated the regional effects of climate change on the demographic connectivity of parrotfishes in nine MPAs in the South Atlantic through downscaling of the HadGEM2-ES Earth System Model running the RCP 8.5 greenhouse gas trajectory. Results indicate a tropicalization scenario over the tropical southwest Atlantic following an increase of sea surface temperature (SST) between 1.8 and 4.5 °C and changes in mean surface currents between − 0.6 to 0.5 m s−1 relative to present conditions. High mortality rates will reduce demographic connectivity and increase the isolation of oceanic islands. The simulation of organismal response to ocean warming shows that acclimation can significantly improve (p < 0.001) particle survival, promoting connectivity and tropicalization of MPAs, with potential impacts on their functional integrity and long-term resilience.

Il principio di precauzione: il Codice di condotta della Fao per la pesca responsabile e la politica comunitaria della pesca

2009 ◽  
pp. 87-106
Author(s):  
Elisa Fiora Belgrado
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Aquatic Resources ◽  
Fisheries Policy ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World

- "From ancient times, fishing has been a major source of food for humanity and a provider of employment and economic benefits to those engaged in this activity. The wealth of aquatic resources was assumed to be an unlimited gift of nature. However, with increased knowledge and the dynamic development of fisheries after the Second World War, this myth has faded in face of the realization that aquatic resources, although renewable, are not infinite and need to be properly managed, if their contribution to the nutritional, economic and social well-being of the growing world's population is to be sustained" (Fao Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries - Preface). Thus fishing has to be conducted in a responsible and sustainable manner because fish provides a vital source of food and, at the same time, fishing is closely connected to the environment because, if it is not properly practised can it cause irreparable damage. This work analyses the principle of precaution which was recognized as principle no. 15 in the Declaration of Rio on Environment and Development in 1992 and mentioned at the Conference on Biological Diversity. It represents one of the fundamental principles of the Fao Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and Common Fisheries Policy (Regulation (EC) No 2371/2002 of 20 December 2002). States should apply a precautionary approach choosing the best measures and policy, taking into account the latest scientific evidence available. The aim is «to protect and conserve living aquatic resources, to provide for their sustainable exploitation and to minimise the impact of fishing activities on marine eco-systems.» (article 2 Regulation (EC) No 2371/2002).Parole chiave: scienza, protezione, precauzione, pesca, sviluppo.Key words: Science, Protection, Precaution, Fishing, Development.

scholarly journals A New Long-Term Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Program for the Knowledge and Management in Marine Protected Areas of the Mexican Caribbean

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7814
Author(s):  
Susana Perera-Valderrama ◽  
Sergio Cerdeira-Estrada ◽  
Raúl Martell-Dubois ◽  
Laura Rosique-de la Cruz ◽  
Hansel Caballero-Aragón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Observation System ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Biodiversity Monitoring ◽  
Marine Turtles ◽  
Mexican Caribbean

In the Mexican Caribbean, 15 marine protected areas (MPAs) have been established for managing and protecting marine ecosystems. These MPAs receive high anthropogenic pressure from coastal development, tourism, and fishing, all in synergy with climate change. To contribute to the MPAs’ effectiveness, it is necessary to provide a long-term observation system of the condition of marine ecosystems and species. Our study proposes the establishment of a new marine biodiversity monitoring program (MBMP) focusing on three MPAs of the Mexican Caribbean. Five conservation objects (COs) were defined (coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangroves, marine turtles, and sharks-rays) for their ecological relevance and the pressures they are facing. Coral reef, seagrass and mangroves have multiple biological, biogeochemical and physical interactions. Marine turtles are listed as endangered species, and the status of their populations is unknown in the marine area of the MPAs. Elasmobranchs play a key role as top and medium predators, and their populations have been poorly studied. Indicators were proposed for monitoring each CO. As a technological innovation, all information obtained from the MBMP will be uploaded to the Coastal Marine Information and Analysis System (SIMAR), a public, user-friendly and interactive web platform that allows for automatic data management and processing.

How does species association affect mixed stock fisheries management? A comparative analysis of the effect of marine protected areas, discard bans, and individual fishing quotas

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 1792-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotaro Ono ◽  
Daniel S. Holland ◽  
Ray Hilborn
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽  
Total Allowable Catch ◽  
Species Association ◽  
Maximum Economic Yield ◽  
Management Scenario ◽  
Species Overlap ◽  
Target Values ◽  
Mixed Stock

We developed a spatially explicit bioeconomic model of a mixed-stock fishery with an unproductive and a productive stock to examine how the spatial overlap between species affects the outcome of a fishery under alternative management methods. We considered a competitive total allowable catch (TAC) system, with and without a ban on discards, and an individual vessel quota (IVQ) fishery managed either to maximum sustainable yield (MSY) or maximum economic yield (MEY). We also evaluated the utility of marine protected areas (MPAs) designed to protect the unproductive species for each management scenario. Banning discarding (whether under a TAC or IVQ) created the biggest increase in profit regardless of species overlap as it moves the target species biomass toward Bmey. MPAs reduced the profit in most cases and were not always successful at conserving the unproductive stock above a target size. The IVQ system managed to MEY produced the most profit among all scenarios while preserving the populations above some target values in most cases, but an IVQ system managed to MSY produced lower profits than a competitive TAC with a discard ban at some levels of species overlap.

Evaluating the ecological effects of Mediterranean marine protected areas: habitat, scale and the natural variability of ecosystems

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. GARCÍA CHARTON ◽  
I.D. WILLIAMS ◽  
A. PÉREZ RUZAFA ◽  
M. MILAZZO ◽  
R. CHEMELLO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Natural Variability ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Nested Designs ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Habitat Scale ◽  
Physical Elements

The capability to detect and predict the responses of marine populations and communities to the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) depends on the ability to distinguish between the influences of management and natural variability due to the effects of factors other than protection. Thus, it is important to understand and quantify the magnitude and range of this natural variability at each scale of observation. Here we review the scale of responses of target populations and communities to protection within Mediterranean MPAs, against their ‘normal’ spatio-temporal heterogeneity, and compare those with documented cases from other temperate and tropical marine ecosystems. Additionally, we approach the problem of the relative importance of habitat structure, considered as a set of biological and physical elements of the seascape hierarchically arranged in space at multiple scales, to drive natural variability. We conclude that much more effort has to be made to characterize heterogeneity in relation to Mediterranean MPAs, and to quantify and explain relationships between target species and their habitats as sources of such variability. These studies should be based on sound sampling designs, which (1) generate long-term data sets, and would ideally (2) be based on a Mediterranean-wide comparison of a number of protected and unprotected localities, (3) be designed from a multi-scaled perspective, and (4) control for factors other than protection, in order to avoid their confounding effects. The need for appropriate spatial and temporal replication, nested designs and power analysis is advocated.

Population fluctuations and recruitment in marine populations

1982 ◽  
Vol 297 (1087) ◽  
pp. 353-368 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Japanese Sardine ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
The North ◽  
Natural Variations

This paper is not concerned with the effect of oil pollution as such, but sets out to consider the range of natural variation and the extent to which this might mask the effects of other factors such as possible pollutant effects. To detect the effect of a pollutant (or a change in fishing effort) it is necessary to allow for natural variations, both random and periodic. Some examples are given to illustrate the extent of natural variations, in a variety of marine populations. For Arcto-Norwegian cod, information is available on catches from about the middle of the last century to the present day. Large catches are about 3-6 times the size of small catches. The difference between large and small catches is about equal to the mean catch. Further, the time taken to change from a small to a large catch level is very variable. The Greenland cod provides an example of a stock that increased very considerably due to a northerly increase of the limits of distribution of the species. This increase was associated with a warm period in the North Atlantic and with increased catches. Many fish stocks and in particular many species of pelagic fishes, exhibit much larger fluctuations in stock size, e.g. the Hokkaido herring, the Japanese sardine, the Bohuslan herring, the Atlanto-Scandian herring and the Califonian anchovy and sardine. Fluctuations also occur in invertebrate species and evidence is given of changes that have occurred in North Sea phytoplankton and zooplankton. The Peruvian anchovy provides an example of a stock that decreased very considerably, due partly to fishing and partly to changes in the hydrographic regime that caused the fish to become more available for exploitation. Fluctuations in fish stocks are primarily due to fluctuations in recruitment. The factors affecting recruitment are not yet fully understood but are known to be determined during the first year of life and probably during the larval or early juvenile stages. Whatever the mechanism, however, it is the variations in recruitment that determine a very large part of the variations in adult fish stocks and hence it is variations in recruitment and the causes of these that are important. In conclusion, the examples show that natural communities can exhibit large natural fluctuations, of varying periodicity, in the long term. Apart from incidents where there is gross pollution, an effect of pollution can therefore only be convincingly demonstrated for those species for which background information is available for a long enough period to allow for long-term periodicity as well as for short-term and irregular variability.

Designing marine protected areas for migrating fish stocks

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (sc) ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Stefansson*† ◽  
A. A. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Fish Stocks
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