Effects of two blood-feeding regimes on mortality and female reproduction in a laboratory colony of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES F. SUTCLIFFE ◽  
C. d'CAMBRE ◽  
A. E. R. DOWNE
Keyword(s):  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Feeding Regimes

REDUCTION IN THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR OÖGENESIS DUE TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE LARVAL DIET OF THE STABLE FLY, STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-804
Author(s):  
Loo-Sar Chia ◽  
James A. Baxter ◽  
Paul E. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
High Concentrations

AbstractFemale stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), from larvae reared on the standard CSMA (Chemical Specialties Manufacturing Association) medium required 5 days of blood feeding before producing their first batch of eggs. When the larval medium was supplemented with 1 or 2% cholesterol, resultant females were able to produce mature eggs after only 4 days of blood feeding. Females from larvae reared on the 2% cholesterol-supplemented medium had slight but significant precocious follicular growth at the time of emergence from the puparium. When blood feeding was restricted, the size at which follicular growth ceased was consistently higher in females fed the cholesterol-supplemented diets as compared with control females.

scholarly journals Supplementing Blood Diet With Plant Nectar Enhances Egg Fertility in Stomoxys calcitrans

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon K. Tawich ◽  
Joel L. Bargul ◽  
Daniel Masiga ◽  
Merid N. Getahun
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Fitness Value

Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly) is a cosmopolitan biting fly of both medical and veterinary importance. Unlike blood-feeding-related behavior of stable fly, its plant feeding, the fitness value, and the S. calcitrans–plant interaction are less understood. Here we show based on two chloroplast DNA genes, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain (rbcL) and the intergenic spacer gene trnH-psbA, that field-collected male and female stable flies fed on various plant species. We investigated the fitness cost of plant feeding using Parthenium hysterophorus, one of the plant species identified to have been fed on by the field-collected flies. Supplementation of blood feeding with a flowering P. hysterophorus plant as nectar source enhanced egg hatchability significantly as compared to blood alone, showing the fitness value of nectar supplementation. However, nectar supplementation did not affect the number of eggs laid or longevity of S. calcitrans as compared to flies that fed on blood alone. S. calcitrans maintained on sugar alone failed to lay eggs. The various plants stable flies fed on demonstrated chemodiversity with their own signature scent. The behavioral response of S. calcitrans to these signature compounds varied from strong attraction (γ-terpinene) to neutral (linalool oxide and myrcene) to repellency (butanoic acid). Our study demonstrated that stable flies feed on nectar, and plant nectar supplementation of blood feeding enhanced larval emergence. Thus, our result has implication in stable fly reproduction, survival, disease transmission, boosting laboratory colony, and the possibility of using plant-derived odors for mass trapping of stable fly, for instance, using γ-terpinene.

scholarly journals Mechanical transmission of African swine fever virus by Stomoxys calcitrans: insights from a mechanistic model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vergne Timothée ◽  
Andraud Mathieu ◽  
Bonnet Sarah ◽  
De Regge Nick ◽  
Desquesnes Marc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Hematophagous Arthropods

African swine fever (ASF) represents a global threat with huge economic consequences for the swine industry. Even though direct contact is likely to be the main transmission route from infected to susceptible hosts, recent epidemiological investigations have raised questions regarding the role of hematophagous arthropods, in particular the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans). In this study, we developed a mechanistic vector-borne transmission model for ASF virus (ASFV) within an outdoor domestic pig farm in order to assess the relative contribution of stable flies to the spread of the virus. The model was fitted to the ecology of the vector, its blood-feeding behaviour and pig-to-pig transmission dynamic. Model outputs suggested that in a context of low abundance (<5 flies per pig), stable flies would play a minor role in the spread of ASFV, as they are expected to be responsible for around 10% of transmission events. However, with abundances of 20 and 50 stable flies per pig, the vector-borne transmission would likely be responsible for almost 30% and 50% of transmission events, respectively. In these situations, time to reach a pig mortality of 10% would be reduced by around 26% and 40%, respectively. The sensitivity analysis emphasised that the expected relative contribution of stable flies was strongly dependent on the volume of blood they regurgitated and the infectious dose for pigs. This study identified crucial knowledge gaps that need to be filled in order to assess more precisely the potential contribution of stable flies to the spread of ASFV, including a quantitative description of the populations of hematophagous arthropods that could be found in pig farms, a better understanding of blood-feeding behaviours of stable flies, and the quantification of the probability that stable flies partially fed with infectious blood transmits the virus to a susceptible pig during a subsequent blood-feeding attempt.

Hemolysis of erythrocytes by the hemolytic system from the blood-feeding stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 690-691
Author(s):  
H. J. Kirch ◽  
G. Spates ◽  
R. Droleskey ◽  
W.J. Kloft ◽  
J.R. DeLoach
Keyword(s):  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Erythrocyte Lysis ◽  
Mammalian Blood ◽  
Bovine Erythrocytes ◽  
Potential Tool

Blood feeding insects have to rely on the protein content of mammalian blood to insure reproduction. A substantial quantity of protein is provided by hemoglobin present in erythrocytes. Access to hemoglobin is accomplished only via erythrocyte lysis. It has been shown that midgut homogenates from the blood feeding stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, contain free fatty acids and it was proposed that these detergent-like compounds play a major role as hemolysins in the digestive physiology of this species. More recently sphingomyelinase activity was detected in midgut preparations of this fly, which would provide a potential tool for the enzymatic cleavage of the erythrocyte's membrane sphingomyelin. The action of specific hemolytic factors should affect the erythrocyte's morphology. The shape of bovine erythrocytes undergoing in vitro hemolysis by crude midgut homogenates from the stable fly was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

African swine virus maintenance in stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) and blowflies (Calliphoridae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Vlasov ◽  
◽  
A.D. Sereda ◽  
V.M. Balyshev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Swine Virus

Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii from Stable Flies, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae)†

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. MRAMBA ◽  
A. BROCE ◽  
L. ZUREK
Keyword(s):  
16S Rdna ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Enterobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
16S Rdna Pcr ◽  
Glucose Agar

Enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. Previously, it was suggested that stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, were a vector or reservoir of this pathogen. In our study, by means of a culturing approach combined with 16S rDNA PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping and sequencing, we screened 928 individual stable flies collected in Kansas and Florida. Two stable flies (0.2%) were positive for E. sakazakii. In addition, 411 (44%) stable flies carried bacteria-forming red colonies (presumably enterics) on a violet red bile glucose agar (mean count = 6.4 × 104 CFU per fly), and 120 (13%) stable flies carried fecal coliforms (mean count = 8.7 × 103 CFU per fly). Sequencing of 16S rDNA showed that enterics from violet red bile glucose agar were represented by several genera, including Escherichia, Shigella, Providencia, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Proteus, Serratia, and Morganella. Our study shows that stable flies carry bacteria typically present in animal manure (a developmental site of stable fly larvae), which indicates that the natural reservoir of E. sakazakii is the digestive tract or manure of domestic animals. The low prevalence of E. sakazakii associated with stable flies suggests that stable flies do not play a major role as a reservoir or vector of this pathogen.

DENSITY ESTIMATES AND DAILY MORTALITY RATE EVALUATIONS OF STABLE FLY (STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)) POPULATIONS IN FIELD CAGES

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 597-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. LaBrecque ◽  
Donald L. Bailey ◽  
D. W. Meifert ◽  
D. E. Weidhaas
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Daily Mortality ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Gamma Irradiated

AbstractIn outdoor cage studies undertaken in the late summer of 1973, a method of estimating the absolute density of a stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) population was developed by correlating the average number of insects feeding or resting on a calf to the total number in the cage. Under the same cage conditions, where emigration, immigration, and to some extent, predation have been excluded, the daily mortality rate of normal stable flies marked with a fluorescent dye ranged from 25.3% to 27.3% dependent upon the sampling technique. Marker dyes have a deleterious effect on survival but surprisingly gamma irradiated flies succumbed at a lower rate than normal individuals.

scholarly journals New records, a completed list and identification key of mites (Acari) associated with the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)

Acarologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Jenő Kontschán ◽  
Sándor Hornok
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
The Family ◽  
Medical Importance

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) is a blood-sucking muscid fly species, with a worldwide distribution and high veterinary-medical importance. In this study, four mite species were collected from stable flies in Hungary. One mite species (Trichotrombidium muscarum (Riley, 1878)) from the family Microtrombidiidae was parasitic on the flies, collected in high numbers from their bodies. The other three species were found in small numbers on the flies, which they use only for transportation. The latter included the phoretic female of Pediculaster mesembrinae (Canestrini, 1881) (Acari: Siteroptidae), the phoretic deutonymph of the Halolaelaps sexclavatus (Oudemans, 1902) (Acari: Halolaelapidae) and Macrocheles subbadius (Berlese, 1904) (Acari: Macrochelidae). This is the first record of an association between the stable fly and two mite species (Trichotrombidium muscarum and Halolaelaps sexclavatus). A new, completed list and identification key of known stable fly associated mites are also provided.

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