Root‐omics for drought tolerance in cool‐season grain legumes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitendra Kumar ◽  
Debjyoti Sen Gupta ◽  
Ivica Djalovic ◽  
Shiv Kumar ◽  
Kadambot H. M. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Cool Season

scholarly journals Drought Stress in Grain Legumes: Effects, Tolerance Mechanisms and Management

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2374
Author(s):  
Marium Khatun ◽  
Sumi Sarkar ◽  
Farzana Mustafa Era ◽  
A. K. M. Mominul Islam ◽  
Md. Parvez Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Drought Tolerant

Grain legumes are important sources of proteins, essential micronutrients and vitamins and for human nutrition. Climate change, including drought, is a severe threat to grain legume production throughout the world. In this review, the morpho-physiological, physio-biochemical and molecular levels of drought stress in legumes are described. Moreover, different tolerance mechanisms, such as the morphological, physio-biochemical and molecular mechanisms of legumes, are also reviewed. Moreover, various management approaches for mitigating the drought stress effects in grain legumes are assessed. Reduced leaf area, shoot and root growth, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, CO2 influx, nutrient uptake and translocation, and water-use efficiency (WUE) ultimately affect legume yields. The yield loss of grain legumes varies from species to species, even variety to variety within a species, depending upon the severity of drought stress and several other factors, such as phenology, soil textures and agro-climatic conditions. Closure of stomata leads to an increase in leaf temperature by reducing the transpiration rate, and, so, the legume plant faces another stress under drought stress. The biosynthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the most detrimental effect of drought stress. Legumes can adapt to the drought stress by changing their morphology, physiology and molecular mechanism. Improved root system architecture (RSA), reduced number and size of leaves, stress-induced phytohormone, stomatal closure, antioxidant defense system, solute accumulation (e.g., proline) and altered gene expression play a crucial role in drought tolerance. Several agronomic, breeding both conventional and molecular, biotechnological approaches are used as management practices for developing a drought-tolerant legume without affecting crop yield. Exogenous application of plant-growth regulators (PGRs), osmoprotectants and inoculation by Rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promotes drought tolerance in legumes. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs), genomic selection (GS), marker-assisted selection (MAS), OMICS-based technology and CRISPR/Cas9 make the breeding work easy and save time in the developmental cycle to get resistant legumes. Several drought-resistant grain legumes, such as the chickpea, faba bean, common bean and pigeon pea, were developed by different institutions. Drought-tolerant transgenic legumes, for example, chickpeas, are developed by introgressing desired genes through breeding and biotechnological approaches. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs), candidate genes occupying drought-tolerant traits, are identified from a variety of grain legumes, but not all are under proper implementation. Hence, more research should be conducted to improve the drought-tolerant traits of grain legumes for avoiding losses during drought.

Response of cool-season grain legumes to waterlogging at flowering

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Pampana ◽  
Alessandro Masoni ◽  
Iduna Arduini
Keyword(s):  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Cool Season

Pulse production in Australia past, present and future

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
J. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Stock Prices ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Export Demand ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Pulse Crops ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pulse Production

Summary. Several cool- and warm-season pulse crops (grain legumes) are grown in rotation with cereals and pasture forming sustainable farming systems in Australia. Australian pulse production has increased rapidly over the past 25 years to about 2 x 106 t/year, mainly because of the increase in the area and yield of lupin production for stockfeed purposes. Pulses currently comprise only 10% of the cropping areas of Australia and this could be expanded to 16% as there are large areas of soil types suitable for a range of pulse crops and new better-adapted pulse varieties are becoming available. Cool-season pulses will continue to dominate pulse production in Australia and the majority of the expansion will probably come from chickpea and faba bean industries. There appears to be no major constraint to pulse production in Australia that cannot be addressed by breeders, agronomists and farmers. Of the current major pulse crops, field pea faces the most number of difficulties, in particular the lack of disease management options. A recent strategic plan of the Australian pulse industry predicts the production of 4 x 106 t/year by 2005 but this will largely depend upon export demand and pulse prices. It is predicted that the growth in pulse production will come from increased productivity in the existing areas, from 1.0 to 1.4 t/ha, through improvements in crop management and the development of superior varieties. The area of pulse production will also expand by an additional 1.2 x 106 ha probably yielding 1.0 t/ha. If trends in grazing stock prices continue, the increased area under pulse production will mostly come at the expense of those areas under unimproved pasture and continuous cereal cropping.

scholarly journals Root Anatomical Traits and Their Possible Contribution to Drought Tolerance in Grain Legumes

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramamoorthy Purushothaman ◽  
Mainassara Zaman-Allah ◽  
Nalini Mallikarjuna ◽  
Rajaram Pannirselvam ◽  
Lakshmanan Krishnamurthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Grain Legumes

Cool season grain legumes for Mediterranean environments: the effect of environment on non-protein amino acids in Vicia and Lathyrus species

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Berger ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
S. P. Loss
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Agricultural Potential ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Diaminopropionic Acid ◽  
Soil Sulfur

Variation among a range of potentially deleterious non-protein amino acids found in the seeds of the genera Vicia and Lathyrus was determined by growing species at up to 31 sites covering the range of environments experienced in the cropping region of south-west Australia. γ-Glutamyl-S-ethenyl cysteine (GEC) concentrations in V. narbonensis were correlated to seed sulfur levels (r = 0.95, P < 0.001) in 1 of 2 genotypes, and shown to increase under conditions of increasing soil sulfur availability, pH, clay content, cation exchange capacity, concentration of exchangeable cations, and salinity. To capitalise on the agricultural potential of this species we recommend the selection of genotypes that break the linkage between GEC and seed sulfur. In Lathyrus species the degree of variation of β-N-oxalyl-L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (ODAP) in the seed appears to be proportional to the species mean ODAP concentration; L. ochrus was more responsive than L. sativus, which was in turn more responsive than L. cicera. Seed ODAP concentrations in L. ochrus and L. sativus were positively correlated with soil phosphorus, and negatively correlated with clay content and salinity, and may constrain the species potential for human and animal consumption. In V. ervilia seed, canavanine concentrations were extremely variable in the field (0.01–0.17%), but are unlikely to reduce the stockfeed potential of this species for either monogastrics or ruminants.

Growth responses of cool-season grain legumes to transient waterlogging

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Solaiman ◽  
T. D. Colmer ◽  
S. P. Loss ◽  
B. D. Thomson ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Root Porosity ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Gas Volume

Transient waterlogging reduces the yield of cool-season grain legumes in several parts of the world. The tolerance of grain legumes to waterlogging may vary between and within species. This study investigated the effects of 7 days of waterlogging and subsequent recovery (10 days) on plant growth to evaluate the variation in tolerance among 7 cool-season grain legume species, in sand culture in glasshouse experiments. Additionally waterlogging tolerance of 6 faba bean genotypes was also evaluated. Tolerance to waterlogging as indicated by root and shoot growth (as % of drained controls) was ranked as follows: faba bean > yellow lupin > grass pea > narrow-leafed lupin > chickpea > lentil > field pea. Faba bean produced adventitious roots and aerenchyma leading to increased root porosity (9% gas volume per unit root volume). Among the 6 faba bean genotypes screened, accession 794 showed the best waterlogging tolerance, but it was also the slowest growing accession, which might have contributed to apparent tolerance (i.e. growth as % drained control). It is concluded that waterlogging tolerance in grain legumes varied between and within species, with faba bean being the most tolerant. The variation in tolerance identified within the limited set of faba bean genotypes evaluated suggests scope for further genetic improvement of tolerance in this species.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review on the Effects of Epichloë Fungal Endophytes on Drought Tolerance in Cool-Season Grasses

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Facundo A. Decunta ◽  
Luis I. Pérez ◽  
Dariusz P. Malinowski ◽  
Marco A. Molina-Montenegro ◽  
Pedro E. Gundel
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Ecological Fitness ◽  
Wide Range

Symptomless fungal endophytes in the genus Epichloë are repeatedly mentioned to increase tolerance of cool-season grasses to a wide range of environmental stress factors, mainly drought. However, the generality of this idea is challenged because (i) most studies have been conducted on two economically important forage grasses {tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) Dumort] and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)}, (ii) endophyte-mediated mechanisms and effects on plant responses to drought have shown to be highly variable across species, and that (iii) symbiosis incidence in plant populations occurring in extremely arid environments is usually low. We question this idea by reviewing the existing information about Epichloë fungal endophyte effects on drought tolerance in cool-season grasses. We combined standard review, vote counting, and calculation of effect sizes to synthesize the literature, identify information gaps, and guide future research. The total number of studies was higher for domesticated than for wild species, a ratio that was balanced when papers with data quality for effect size calculus were considered. After the drought, endophyte-infected plants accumulated more aboveground and belowground biomass than non-infected counterparts, while no effect on tillering was observed. However, these effects remained significant for wild (even on tillering) but not for domesticated species. Interestingly, despite the continuous effort in determining physiological mechanisms behind the endophyte effects, no studies evaluated plant fecundity as a measure of ecological fitness nor vital rates (such as survival) as to escalate individual-level variables to population. Together with the high variability in results, our work shows that generalizing a positive effect of fungal endophytes in plant tolerance to drought may be misleading. Future studies combining field surveys with manipulative experiments would allow us to unravel the role of fungal endophytes in plant adaptation by considering the evolutionary history of species and populations to the different ecological contexts.

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