Innovation of Blackening Labu Sayong

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Rahim Jalil ◽  
Oskar Hasdinor Hassan ◽  
Norhidayah Md Zainuddin ◽  
Hamdzun Haron
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
Additional Operation ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Burner Port

The blackening technique of Labu Sayong (LS) or clay pitcher commonly performed either traditionally or in modern way is by removing the clay pitcher from the firing area one by one after the firing temperature reached maturity at around 850°C to 900°C. A finding indicates a few improvements can be done such as reducing the time of transferring the clay pitcher to the paddy husks, reducing the fuel consumption, uniforming the blackened effect of Labu Sayong and reducing the defects ratio of Labu Sayong. The innovative is to add paddy husks or organic materials into the kiln as soon as the firing temperature reached maturity during the cooling process. The paddy husks will get burnt and produce a thick smoke. By closing all the burner port holes and chimney damper, the smoke will diffuses inside the firing chamber which gave the blackened effect to Labu Sayong. Based on the studies, the best temperature to add the paddy husks into the kiln is between 350°C to 700°C, depending on the size of the kiln. The innovation blackening Labu Sayong can overcome the disadvantages of the conventional blackening technique while increasing productivity without additional operation costs. 

Performance Characteristic Study on Air to Water Intercooler

2016 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
Stannely Engkuah ◽  
Henry Nasution ◽  
Azhar Abdul Aziz
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Performance Characteristic ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Intake Manifold ◽  
Basic Medium ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
Air Density ◽  
System Type ◽  
Automotive Vehicle

The automotive vehicle with turbocharger engine will produce the high temperature charged air compared to the naturally aspirated engine. By increasing the pressure of the air, the temperature of the air will be increased while the air density will be decreased. The charged air needs to be cooled down to get the higher density of the charge air before flowing into the intake manifold. The charge air becomes denser when the temperature of the air is reduced and the denser air gives more advantages for the engine run efficiently. The intercooling system is one of the important devices in cooling process of the turbocharger engine. The function of the intercooler system is for cooling the temperature of the turbocharger outlet before the intake manifold. For this research, the water is used as the medium for cooling the temperature of the charge air before the intake manifold instead using of direct air that is the basic medium of intercooling system. The liquid cooled intercooler system type is constructed which wants to make it practically in daily life, such as for increasing the performance of the car and also for saving the fuel consumption of a vehicle.

scholarly journals PERFORMANSI GENSET BENSIN 2000 W YANG DIMODIFIKASI MENJADI GENSET BERBAHAN BAKAR BIOGAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Maridjo ◽  
Tina Mulya Gantina ◽  
M Taufiq Samudra
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Ch4 Concentration ◽  
Alternative Sources

Biogass is one of energy alternative sources, produced from organic materials degradation in anaerob condition that has economically and availability advantages. This research had been conducted to convert biogass to electric power or as known as bio-electric which using a modified carburetor of gasoline genset converter. Biogas was produced from cow's manure fermentation, located at Giri Mekar Kecamatan Cilengkrang, Kabupaten Bandung. Methane (CH4) concentration was 40% from the biogass with potential energy 43,5 MJ/kg. The result showed that genset with biogass as fuel could reach 989 W output of capacity with 2,95 x 10-4 kg/s of fuel consumption and 11,9% of maximum eficiency. Compare to gasoline as a fuel, the result showed l219 W output of capacity with 1,63 x l0-4 kg/s of fuel consumption and 17,2.'% of maximum. Therefore, to have same output of capacity a genset with biogass as fuel is more consuming than genset with gasoline as fuel.

scholarly journals The Influence of Contaminants During the Firing of Inks

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. M. Van Gorp ◽  
J. H. C. Van Mourik
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Firing Temperature ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Chlorinated Compounds ◽  
Very High ◽  
Gaseous Contaminants

During firing of resistor materials the resistance is influenced by gaseous contaminants and by compounds given off by other pastes. Nearly all inorganic salts which are slightly volatile at the firing temperature, and some rather stable organic materials influence the resistor properties. Halogenated materials are the most important and the higher ohmic series the most sensitive.For aluminium conductors a very high sensitivity to fluorinated and chlorinated compounds has been found but in this case organic compounds have no influence.

Application of Improved Voltage Compensation in the SEM to Imaging of Organic Materials

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 444-445
Author(s):  
P.J. Killingworth ◽  
M. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
Incident Electron Beam ◽  
Specimen Material ◽  
Voltage Compensation ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Scanning Electron

Ultimate resolution in the scanning electron microscope is determined not only by the diameter of the incident electron beam, but by interaction of that beam with the specimen material. Generally, while minimum beam diameter diminishes with increasing voltage, due to the reduced effect of aberration component and magnetic interference, the excited volume within the sample increases with electron energy. Thus, for any given material and imaging signal, there is an optimum volt age to achieve best resolution.In the case of organic materials, which are in general of low density and electric ally non-conducting; and may in addition be susceptible to radiation and heat damage, the selection of correct operating parameters is extremely critical and is achiev ed by interative adjustment.

Bulk standards for low-temperature biological x-ray microanalysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
P. Echlin ◽  
M. McKoon ◽  
E.S. Taylor ◽  
C.E. Thomas ◽  
K.L. Maloney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Analytical Procedures ◽  
Electrical Conductors

Although sections of frozen salt solutions have been used as standards for x-ray microanalysis, such solutions are less useful when analysed in the bulk form. They are poor thermal and electrical conductors and severe phase separation occurs during the cooling process. Following a suggestion by Whitecross et al we have made up a series of salt solutions containing a small amount of graphite to improve the sample conductivity. In addition, we have incorporated a polymer to ensure the formation of microcrystalline ice and a consequent homogenity of salt dispersion within the frozen matrix. The mixtures have been used to standardize the analytical procedures applied to frozen hydrated bulk specimens based on the peak/background analytical method and to measure the absolute concentration of elements in developing roots.

200kv superconducting cryo electron microscope

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 642-643
Author(s):  
M. Iwatsuki ◽  
Y. Kokubo ◽  
Y. Harada ◽  
J. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Crystal Fields ◽  
Special Skill ◽  
Long Time

In recent years, the electron microscope has been significantly improved in resolution and we can obtain routinely atomic-level high resolution images without any special skill. With this improvement, the structure analysis of organic materials has become one of the interesting targets in the biological and polymer crystal fields.Up to now, X-ray structure analysis has been mainly used for such materials. With this method, however, great effort and a long time are required for specimen preparation because of the need for larger crystals. This method can analyze average crystal structure but is insufficient for interpreting it on the atomic or molecular level. The electron microscopic method for organic materials has not only the advantage of specimen preparation but also the capability of providing various information from extremely small specimen regions, using strong interactions between electrons and the substance. On the other hand, however, this strong interaction has a big disadvantage in high radiation damage.

STM of freeze-fracture replicas: Problems and promises

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
J. T. Woodward ◽  
J. A. N. Zasadzinski
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Tunneling Microscope ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Atomic Resolution ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscope ◽  
Molecular Scale ◽  
Organic Surfaces ◽  
Metal Layers ◽  
Conductive Surfaces

The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) offers exciting new ways of imaging surfaces of biological or organic materials with resolution to the sub-molecular scale. Rigid, conductive surfaces can readily be imaged with the STM with atomic resolution. Unfortunately, organic surfaces are neither sufficiently conductive or rigid enough to be examined directly with the STM. At present, nonconductive surfaces can be examined in two ways: 1) Using the AFM, which measures the deflection of a weak spring as it is dragged across the surface, or 2) coating or replicating non-conductive surfaces with metal layers so as to make them conductive, then imaging with the STM. However, we have found that the conventional freeze-fracture technique, while extremely useful for imaging bulk organic materials with STM, must be modified considerably for optimal use in the STM.

Stabilizing pyritic material

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 244-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. Wolberg
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
Iron Minerals ◽  
Pyrite Formation ◽  
Organic Sediments ◽  
Freshwater Environments

The minerals pyrite and marcasite (broadly termed pyritic minerals) are iron sulfides that are common if not ubiquitous in sedimentary rocks, especially in association with organic materials (Berner, 1970). In most marine sedimentary associations, pyrite and marcasite are associated with organic sediments rich in dissolved sulfate and iron minerals. Because of the rapid consumption of sulfate in freshwater environments, however, pyrite formation is more restricted in nonmarine sediments (Berner, 1983). The origin of the sulfur in nonmarine environments must lie within pre-existing rocks or volcanic detritus; a relatively small, but significant contribution may derive from plant and animal decomposition products.

Workload Perception of Air Traffic Control Officers and Pilots During Continuous Descent Operations Approach Procedures

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-11
Author(s):  
Marina Efthymiou ◽  
Frank Fichert ◽  
Olaf Lantzsch
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Reduce Fuel Consumption ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Open Path

Abstract. The paper examines the workload perceived by air traffic control officers (ATCOs) and pilots during continuous descent operations (CDOs), applying closed- and open-path procedures. CDOs reduce fuel consumption and noise emissions. Therefore, they are supported by airports as well as airlines. However, their use often depends on pilots asking for CDOs and controllers giving approval and directions. An adapted NASA Total Load Index (TLX) was used to measure the workload perception of ATCOs and pilots when applying CDOs at selected European airports. The main finding is that ATCOs’ workload increased when giving both closed- and open-path CDOs, which may have a negative impact on their willingness to apply CDOs. The main problem reported by pilots was insufficient distance-to-go information provided by ATCOs. The workload change is important when considering the use of CDOs.

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