Typologie des exploitations agricoles productrices du mil et niébé pluvial dans la commune rurale de Karma

Principale activité des ruraux nigériens, l’agriculture fait face à des problèmes récurrents de baisse de rendements conduisant à la paupérisation et à l’insécurité alimentaire des ménages qui l’exercent. Cette étude conduite à Karma vise la caractérisation des systèmes de production du mil et de niébé pluvial en vue de connaître leurs fonctionnements et leurs diverses interactions dans un contexte de changement climatique. Pour cela, une enquête a été conduite sur un échantillon de 90 ménages d’exploitants du mil et niébé pluvial. L’étude a montré que les systèmes de production sont regroupés en trois types selon la méthode d’Analyse en Composantes Principales couplée à la classification de Nuées dynamiques. Il s’agit du système de production agricole pure (Type A), du système agroforesterie (Type B) et du système agropastoral (Type C). Le type (A) occupe une superficie moyenne de 1,5 hectares. Il est scindé en système de cultures sèches simple et système de cultures sèches associé au maraîchage. Le type (B) s’effectue sur 2,18 hectares et le type (C) sur une superficie moyenne de 3,25 hectares. Ainsi, le type (C) est plus performant que le type (B) qui l’est plus que le type (A). English title: Typology of farms producing millet and rain-fed cowpeas in the rural commune of Karma Main activity of nigeriens’ rural, agriculture faces recurring problems drop in yields leading to pauperization and food insecurity of the households that exert it. This study conducted in Karma aims to characterize millet and rain-fed cowpea production systems with a view to understanding their functioning and their various interactions to enable producers to better cope with climate change. For this, a survey was conducted on a sample of 90 households farms of millet and rain-fed cowpea. The study showed that production systems are grouped into three types according to the Principal Component Analysis method coupled with classification. of dynamic clouds. These are the pure agricultural production system (Type A), the agroforestry system (Type B) and the agro-pastoral system (Type C). Type (A) occupies an average area of 1.5 hectares. It is split into a simple dry crop system and a dry crop system associated with market gardening. Type (B) takes place on 2.18 hectares and type (C) on an average area of 3.25 hectares. Thus, type (C) is more efficient than type (B) which is better than type (A).

Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Dynamic High Type Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Vector Decoupling Method

This paper presents an interval type-2 fuzzy dynamic high type (IT2FDHT) control based on vector decoupling method for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) to improve the dynamic characteristics of the system. Firstly, to address the shortcomings of the traditional PI regulator used in the current loop of PMSM, an improved PI regulator based on voltage feed-forward decoupling is used. Then, considering the characteristics that the higher the system type, the smaller the steady-state error and the shorter the regulation time, the high type control structure is added. However, a purely high type structure amplifies the oscillations of the system and is extremely sensitive to perturbations, which can easily lead to system divergence. Therefore, in order to solve the problems caused by high type structure, finally we designed dynamic high type control with the help of fuzzy logic systems (FLSs), which successfully achieved automatic switching of system type while improving response speed and steady-state accuracy. Meanwhile, quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm is employed to determine the parameters of FLSs. In summary, five methods including conventional PI, feed-forward decoupling PI (FDPI), FDPI high type (FDPI-HT), FDPI type-1 fuzzy dynamic high type (FDPI-T1FDHT), and FDPI-IT2FDHT, are compared to show the superiority of the proposed method. By means of simulations, the excellence of proposed FDPI-IT2FDHT is verified.

Review of Land Administration Data Dissemination Practices: Case Study on Four Different Land Administration System Types

Land administration systems differ by their types and practices. The data dissemination practices are considered to be outdated, as in most cases the digitisation of land administration data was conducted to match the paper-based system. This paper reviews four different land administration data dissemination practices through four case studies, where each selected jurisdiction represents one land administration system type. The analysed LAS data dissemination practices were conducted for Croatia, England, New Zealand and Green County, OH, USA. The main goal of the analysis was to examine the differences and similarities between the respective countries’ land data practices provided by the excerpts related to one parcel. The identified differences and similarities might be of great use when it comes to further improvement and standardisation of land administration data dissemination practices.

«National security», «system of national security», «types of national security», «forms of national security»: definitions.

In the article, based on the analysis of theoretical provisions of national security and current legislation governing the system of national security, the author explores the basic concepts: «national security», «national security», «types and forms of national security». As a result of the study for further development of the theory of national security of Ukraine, its implementation in modern practice of Ukraine, ensuring effective protection of vital interests of man and citizen, society and state, the author proposed his own definitions of «national security», «national security system». «Type of national security», «form of national security». The author proved that it is more appropriate to use the concept of «national security system» which means a set of measures taken by national security actors in accordance with the tasks and powers assigned to them, for timely detection / management / disposal of threats or dangers of external and internal nature. The author also formulates certain concepts of specific types and forms of national security. Thus, the type of national security is an action or set of actions of state and non-state institutions that are aimed at maintaining a level of national security that is necessary and sufficient for society and that satisfies the vital interests of the individual. The form of national security is the implementation by the subject of national security of normatively fixed, peculiar only to him measures, by means of which his powers to ensure national security are realized in accordance with the set tasks.

Generalised S-System-Type Equation: Sensitivity of the Deterministic and Stochastic Models for Bone Mechanotransduction

The formalism of a bone cell population model is generalised to be of the form of an S-System. This is a system of nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs), each with the same structure: the change in a variable is equal to a difference in the product of a power-law functions with a specific variable. The variables are the densities of a variety of biological populations involved in bone remodelling. They will be specified concretely in the cases of a specific periodically forced system to describe the osteocyte mechanotransduction activities. Previously, such models have only been deterministically simulated causing the populations to form a continuum. Thus, very little is known about how sensitive the model of mechanotransduction is to perturbations in parameters and noise. Here, we revisit this assumption using a Stochastic Simulation Algorithm (SSA), which allows us to directly simulate the discrete nature of the problem and encapsulate the noisy features of individual cell division and death. Critically, these stochastic features are able to cause unforeseen dynamics in the system, as well as completely change the viable parameter region, which produces biologically realistic results.

Characterization of Blf4, an Archaeal Lytic Virus Targeting a Member of the Methanomicrobiales

Today, the number of known viruses infecting methanogenic archaea is limited. Here, we report on a novel lytic virus, designated Blf4, and its host strain Methanoculleus bourgensis E02.3, a methanogenic archaeon belonging to the Methanomicrobiales, both isolated from a commercial biogas plant in Germany. The virus consists of an icosahedral head 60 nm in diameter and a long non-contractile tail of 125 nm in length, which is consistent with the new isolate belonging to the Siphoviridae family. Electron microscopy revealed that Blf4 attaches to the vegetative cells of M. bourgensis E02.3 as well as to cellular appendages. Apart from M. bourgensis E02.3, none of the tested Methanoculleus strains were lysed by Blf4, indicating a narrow host range. The complete 37 kb dsDNA genome of Blf4 contains 63 open reading frames (ORFs), all organized in the same transcriptional direction. For most of the ORFs, potential functions were predicted. In addition, the genome of the host M. bourgensis E02.3 was sequenced and assembled, resulting in a 2.6 Mbp draft genome consisting of nine contigs. All genes required for a hydrogenotrophic lifestyle were predicted. A CRISPR/Cas system (type I-U) was identified with six spacers directed against Blf4, indicating that this defense system might not be very efficient in fending off invading Blf4 virus.

The (Un)Suitability of Automatic Evaluation Metrics for Text Simplification

In order to simplify sentences, several rewriting operations can be performed such as replacing complex words per simpler synonyms, deleting unnecessary information, and splitting long sentences. Despite this multi-operation nature, evaluation of automatic simplification systems relies on metrics that moderately correlate with human judgements on the simplicity achieved by executing specific operations (e.g. simplicity gain based on lexical replacements). In this article, we investigate how well existing metrics can assess sentence-level simplifications where multiple operations may have been applied and which, therefore, require more general simplicity judgements. For that, we first collect a new and more reliable dataset for evaluating the correlation of metrics and human judgements of overall simplicity. Second, we conduct the first meta-evaluation of automatic metrics in Text Simplification, using our new dataset (and other existing data) to analyse the variation of the correlation between metrics’ scores and human judgements across three dimensions: the perceived simplicity level, the system type and the set of references used for computation. We show that these three aspects affect the correlations and, in particular, highlight the limitations of commonly-used operation-specific metrics. Finally, based on our findings, we propose a set of recommendations for automatic evaluation of multi-operation simplifications, suggesting which metrics to compute and how to interpret their scores.

Climate- and Technology-Specific PUE and WUE Predictions for U.S. Data Centers using a Physics-Based Approach

The onsite water use of data centers (DCs) is becoming an increasingly important consideration within the policy and energy analysis communities, but has heretofore been difficult to quantify in macro-level DC energy models due to lack of reported water usage effectiveness (WUE) values by DC operators. This work addresses this important knowledge gap by presenting thermodynamically-compatible power usage effectiveness (PUE) and WUE values for a wide range of U.S. DC archetypes and climate zones, using a physics-based model that is validated with real-world data. Results enable energy analysts to more accurately analyze the onsite energy and water use of DCs by size class, cooling system type, and climate zone under many different operating conditions including operational setpoints. Sensitivity analyses further identify the variables leading to best-achievable PUE and WUE values by climate zone and cooling system type—including operational set points, use of free cooling, and cooling tower equipment and operational factors—which can support DC water- and energy-efficiency policy initiatives. The consistent PUE and WUE values may also be used in future work to quantify the indirect water use of DCs occurring in electrical power generating systems.

ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION: LITERATURE REVIEW AND CLINICAL CASE IN SIBLINGS

Arnold-Chiari malformation is a defectof the cervical-medullar transition characterized bydisplacement of the cerebellar tonsils and in a numberof cases when the stem and IV ventricle extend into theforamen magnum. There are four main types of pathology,and type II is found most often.The article presents a clinical case of type II ArnoldChiari malformation in siblings. The newborn girl born afterVII pregnancy and VII physiological delivery in the termof 39-40 weeks was under observation. US examination inthe terms of 20-21 and 34 weeks of gestation diagnoseda congenital developmental defect of the central nervoussystem characterized by a “lemon”-like shape of the brain,displacement of the brain structures in the portion of theforamen magnum, ventriculomegaly, a defect of the lumbarsacral portion with formation of hernia sac, and dropsy ofamnion. The family couple refused from interruption ofpregnancy and medical-genetic examination.The basic diagnosis of the child was congenitaldevelopmental defect of the central nervous system(type II Arnold-Chiari malformation: rachischisis andhydrocephalus) including complications such as inferiortorpid paraplegia and dysfunction of the pelvic organs.Investigation of hereditary anamnesis foundcompromised heredity on the mother’s side (her mother’ssibling has Down’s syndrome), and IV child in the familyis disabled from birth due to a congenital developmentaldefect of the central nervous system – type II Arnold-Chiarimalformation.The family couple refused from a comprehensivemedical-genetic consultation during the previous andcurrent pregnancies, and magnetic-resonance imaging ofthe child.