scholarly journals The use of waste cellulose in production of white mushroom substrate

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Kameník ◽  
Jan Mareček
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Growing Environment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Waste Cellulose

The employment of industrial wastes in agricultural production is one of the possible ways of waste management. Composting of organic waste can cut the cost of transport and disposal of these wastes while obtaining cheep resource materials for the production of composts. Apart from composting or using wastes in the biogas plants, there is yet another possibility of using local organic waste and it is its employment as a component of substrate (compost) for the white mushroom growing. This study deals with the use of waste cellulose in the production of white mushroom substrate. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of cellulose content in the substrate on the level of mushroom crop when the mushrooms are grown in the form of compacted substrate designed for small growers. The greatest emphasis is placed on matters of efficient yield of the mushrooms and which are considered to be indispensable for achieving production results over a longer period. This means first and foremost the growing methods and growing environment in the small growing plant. This way the growers could overwhelm the very complicated calculation before the compost preparing. Thanks this way the producers can obtain the utmost probability of the stable crops in the package form of the substrate. The research shows the potential for using of the waste material and fostering the environment friendly food production.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Route of Transport on Price Formation in Road Freight Transport

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
Marek Jaśkiewicz ◽  
Juraj Hammer ◽  
Miloš Poliak
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Freight Transport ◽  
Price Formation ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Business Market ◽  
Road Freight ◽  
General Transport ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In general, transport companies have an unimportant role in the business market, in order to achieve the required sales and the related profit. Competition in road transport is great and enforcement from a large number of carriers is considerable. It is the price for the transport of goods that plays the most important role how to get the carrier and the customer who wants the lowest transport price. On the contrary, the carrier would like to get the highest amount for the shipment. A compromise between these two requirements should form the required shipping price. Pricing involves a factor other than costs, the attractiveness of the transport destination, in terms of the possibility of return utilization the vehicle. The aim of the paper is to verify the hypothesis, that the cost of transport is affected not only by the carrier’s costs, but also the target destination of the ordered shipment.

scholarly journals Using alternative sources of methane for energy as a method of environmental protection and improvement of economy condition, on example of Poland

2019 ◽  
pp. 90-99
Author(s):  
Natalia Iwaszczuk ◽  
Marta Szyba ◽  
Myroslava Mylenka
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Methane Drainage ◽  
Green Certificates ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Economy Condition ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
The Impact

The article analyses the types of waste generated in economy and the possibilities of their management, on the example of Poland. The main focus was on using selected types of waste for methane production. The impact of the decomposing mass of organic waste on the production of greenhouse gases was examined and various types of biogas plants operating in Poland were presented (biogas plants at landfills, biogas plants at sewage treatment plants, agricultural biogas plants). The article also presents the benefits for the economy from the use of methane from methane drainage. Unfortunately, in Poland, methane resources are used to a small extent. In the case of mines, landfills or sewage treatment plants it is related to high costs of constructing methane capture installations, which are not offset by revenues from sales of gas and green certificates. Although much more favourable blue certificates have been introduced for agricultural biogas plants, the obstacle standing in the way of their progress is the lack of local spatial development plans for the places designated for their construction

A REAL OPTIONS FRAMEWORK FOR DEALING WITH UNCERTAINTY IN SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (04) ◽  
pp. 1350002 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. SALAHALDIN ◽  
T. GRANGER
Keyword(s):  
Real Options ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Dynamic Programming Approach ◽  
Expected Waiting Time ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we develop a real options framework that sets rules for investment decision in sustainable transport projects under both demand and costs uncertainties. First, we present the model we use to calculate the cost of transport externalities. Using stochastic analysis, we show how to maximize inter-generational utility by choosing the optimal time to invest. The method is implemented using a dynamic programming approach that gives, at each moment, the thresholds for demand and cost for which it is optimal to invest. We calculate the expected waiting time until investing and perform a sensitivity analysis to study the impact of the different parameters on the decision.

scholarly journals Efficiency of digestat of biogas plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
V. M. Polishchuk ◽  
◽  
D. A. Derevianko ◽  
S. A. Shvorov ◽  
Ye. O. Dvornik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biogas Production ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Biogas Plant ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

It has been established that the digestate of biogas plants is a valuable organic fertilizer that is quickly absorbed by plants, contains a complex of macro- and microelements necessary for plant growth, has a high content of readily available nitrogen for plants, has a pH level close to neutral and does not contain viable weed seeds and pathogens. microflora. It is technically difficult to make untreated digestate into the soil, so it is predivided into solid and liquid fractions on separators. A major problem with the commercial use of digestate in Ukraine is the lack of its standardization. When applying digestate to the company's own fields, which owns the biogas plant, the standardization of its quality is not critical. However, the lack of a standard for digestate as a high-quality organic fertilizer significantly limits its use. The needs for digestate were determined to restore soil fertility and fertilize crops in and with a herd of 1,000 cattle (500 heads of dairy cows and 500 heads of young cattle and heifers) and with an arable land area of 1,800 hectares. It is established that only one ton of digestate remains for commercial use after application to the fields, the profit from the sale of which does not significantly affect the profitability of biogas production. The payback period of the biogas plant is 6.4 years and depends on the cost of biogas production. With the commercial use of all digestate produced during the year, the payback period of the biogas plant is reduced to one year and below and does not depend on the cost of biogas production, and the impact of the "green" tariff on the payback period of the biogas plant is leveled.

scholarly journals Fuel Prices as a Factor of Shaping Profitability of Road Transport in Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
Łukasz Marzantowicz
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The goal of this article is to determine the relation between the price of fuel and the profitability of the company. For this purpose, the article defines the profitability of transport enterprises and points the source of the impact of changes in fuel prices on the profitability of companies in the road transport sector. The case of the ABC transport company shows the relationship between the costs incurred for the purchase of fuel and the cost of transport activities. To test the theoretical assumptions, case study method was used.

scholarly journals The Effects of Rolling Back State Frontiers on the Development of Nigeria’s Economy (2003 – 2007)

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-265
Author(s):  
Ndifreke S. Umo-Udo
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
The State ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
The Government ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Petroleum Sector ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The study focused on the deregulation of the downstream of Nigeria’s petroleum sub-sector as an aspect of Rolling back the state in Nigeria. Deregulation of the downstream of the petroleum sector is occasioned by the removal of subsidies on petroleum products. This paper is adapted from my Ph.D research work at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka on rolling back the state. The objective was to examine the impact of deregulation of the downstream of the petroleum sector on the road transport sectors of the Nigerian economy within the period 2003-2007. Data for the study were generated through the observations of primary and secondary sources. The data were analysed using tables, percentage and correlation analysis. The findings of the study shows that deregulation of the downstream of the petroleum sector allowed the private sector owned road transportation system to increase the cost of transport fares anytime the government announced increase in the pump price of products. An increase in the cost of road fares translated into increase in prices of goods and services which ultimately resulted in inflation. Equally the huge amount derived from petroleum has not been judiciously expended for building and construction of roads. The research recommends that government should monitor the execution of road contracts to guard against none and poor delivery of jobs.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

TRANSFER FİYATLAMA UYGULAMASININ İŞLETME PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ VE VERGİSEL AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Serdar KUZU
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The size of international trade continues to extend rapidly from day to day as a result of the globalization process. This situation causes an increase in the economic activities of businesses in the trading area. One of the main objectives of the cost system applied in businesses is to be able to monitor the competitors and the changes that can be occured as a result of the developments in the sector. Thus, making cost accounting that is proper according to IAS / IFRS and tax legislation has become one of the strategic targets of the companies in most countries. In this respect, businesses should form their cost and pricing systems according to new regulations. Transfer pricing practice is usefull in setting the most proper price for goods that are subject to the transaction, in evaluating the performance of the responsibility centers of business, and in determining if the inter-departmental pricing system is consistent with targets of the business. The taxing powers of different countries and also the taxing powers of different institutions in a country did not overlap. Because of this reason, bringing new regulations to the tax system has become essential. The transfer pricing practice that has been incorporated into the Turkish Tax System is one of the these regulations. The transfer pricing practice which includes national and international transactions has been included in the Corporate Tax Law and Income Tax Law. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of goods and services transfer that will occur between departments of businesses on the responsibility center and business performance, and also the impact of transfer pricing practice on the business performance on the basis of tax-related matters. As a result of the study, it can be said that transfer pricing practice has an impact on business performance in terms of both price and tax-related matters.

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