Experimental and Analytical Characterization of Alternative Aviation Fuel Sprays Under Realistic Operating Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Corber ◽  
Nader Rizk ◽  
Wajid Ali Chishty
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Laser Sheet ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Test Time

The National Jet Fuel Combustion Program (NJFCP) is an initiative being led by the Office of Environment & Energy at the FAA, to streamline the ASTM jet fuels certification process for alternative aviation fuels. To accomplish this, the program has identified specific applied research tasks in several areas. The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) is contributing to the NJFCP in the areas of sprays and atomization and high altitude engine performance. This paper describes work pertaining to atomization tests using a reference injection system. The work involves characterization of the injection nozzle, comparison of sprays and atomization quality of various conventional and alternative fuels, and uses the experimental data to validate spray correlations. The paper also briefly explores the application viability of a new diagnostic system that has the potential to reduce test time in characterizing sprays. Measurements were made from ambient up to 10 bar pressures in NRC's High Pressure Spray Facility using optical diagnostics including laser diffraction, phase Doppler anemometry (PDA), LIF/Mie imaging and laser sheet imaging to assess differences in the atomization characteristics of the test fuels. A total of nine test fluids including six NJFCP fuels and three calibration fluids were used. The experimental data were then used to validate semi-empirical models, developed through years of experience by engine original equipment manufacturers, and modified under the NJFCP, for predicting droplet size and distribution. The work offers effective tools for developing advanced fuel injectors, and generating data that can be used to significantly enhance multidimensional combustor simulation capabilities.

Experimental and Analytical Characterization of Alternative Aviation Fuel Sprays Under Realistic Operating Conditions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Corber ◽  
Nader Rizk ◽  
Wajid Ali Chishty
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Laser Sheet ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Test Time

The National Jet Fuel Combustion Program (NJFCP) is an initiative, currently being led by the Office of Environment & Energy at the FAA, to streamline the ASTM jet fuels certification process for alternative aviation fuels. In order to accomplish this objective, the program has identified specific applied research tasks in several areas. The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) is contributing to the NJFCP in the areas of sprays and atomization and high altitude engine performance. This paper describes work pertaining to atomization tests using a reference injection system. The work involves characterization of the injection nozzle, comparison of sprays and atomization quality of various conventional and alternative fuels, as well as use of the experimental data to validate spray correlations. The paper also briefly explores the application viability of a new spray diagnostic system that has potential to reduce test time in characterizing sprays. Measurements were made from ambient up to 10 bar pressures in NRC’s High Pressure Spray Facility using optical diagnostics including laser diffraction, phase Doppler anemometry (PDA), LIF/Mie Imaging and laser sheet imaging to assess differences in the atomization characteristics of the test fuels. A total of nine test fluids including six NJFCP fuels and three calibration fluids were used. The experimental data was then used to validate semi-empirical models, developed through years of experience by engine OEMs and modified under NJFCP, for predicting droplet size and distribution. The work offers effective tools for developing advanced fuel injectors, and generating data that can be used to significantly enhance multi-dimensional combustor simulation capabilities.

Performance Characterization of a Twin Scroll Volute for Turbocharging Applications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Cravero ◽  
Mario La Rocca ◽  
Andrea Ottonello
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Aerodynamic Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Automatic Design ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Radial Turbine ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Partial Admission

The use of twin scroll volutes in radial turbine for turbocharging applications has several advantages over single passage volute related to the engine matching and to the overall compactness. Twin scroll volutes are of increasing interest in power unit development but the open scientific literature on their performance and modelling is still quite limited. In the present work the performance of a twin scroll volute for a turbocharger radial turbine are investigated in some detail in a wide range of operating conditions at both full and partial admission. A CFD model for the volute have been developed and preliminary validated against experimental data available for the radial turbine. Then the numerical model has been used to generate the database of solutions that have been investigated and used to extract the performance. Different parameters and indices are introduced to describe the volute aerodynamic performance in the wide range of operating conditions chosen. The above parameters can be used for volute development or matching with a given rotor or efficiently implemented in automatic design optimization strategies.

Enhanced Splash Models for High Pressure Diesel Sprays

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Allocca ◽  
L. Andreassi ◽  
S. Ubertini
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Laser Sheet ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
Common Rail Injection System

Mixture preparation is a crucial aspect for the correct operation of modern DI Diesel engines as it greatly influences and alters the combustion process and therefore, the exhaust emissions. The complete comprehension of the spray impingement phenomenon is a quite complete task and to completely exploit the phenomenon a mixed numerical-experimental approach has to be considered. On the modeling side, several studies can be found in the scientific literature but only in the last years complete multidimensional modeling has been developed and applied to engine simulations. Among the models available in literature, in this paper, the models by Bai and Gosman [1] and by Lee et al. [2, 3] have been selected and implemented in the KIVA-3V code. On the experimental side, the behavior of a Diesel impinging spray emerging from a common rail injection system (injection pressures of 80 MPa and 120 MPa) has been analysed. The impinging spray has been lightened by a pulsed laser sheet generated from the second harmonic of a Nd-YAG laser. The images have been acquired by a CCD camera at different times from the start of injection (SOI). Digital image processing software has enabled to extract the characteristic parameters of the impinging spray with respect to different operating conditions. The comparison of numerical and experimental data shows that both models should be modified in order to allow a proper simulation of the splash phenomena in modern Diesel engines. Then the numerical data in terms of radial growth, height and shape of the splash cloud, as predicted by modified versions of the models are compared to the experimental ones. Differences among the models are highlighted and discussed.

Emission, LBO and Combustion Dynamic Characterization of Several Alternative Fuels

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Oumejjoud ◽  
Peter Stuttaford ◽  
Steve Jennings ◽  
John Henriquez ◽  
Hany Rizkalla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Reduction Measure ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Fuel Costs ◽  
Base Load

Regulations are becoming increasingly stringent regarding gas turbine emissions. In addition fuel costs are at record highs. Power plant operators are exploring all alternatives for reducing operational cost. Refinery offgas represents an attractive cost reduction measure if one could burn it in the gas turbine. Hydrogen and methane are often the main components of such offgas. In an attempt to define the potential for an LEC-III® (Power Systems Mfg., LLC. Low Emission Combustor) performance with such an offgas, rig testing has been successfully carried out with several alternative fuels. Small quantities of hydrogen blended with natural gas and burned in specific zones of the combustor allowed emissions levels of sub 2ppm NOx and sub 9ppm CO to be demonstrated at full base load engine operating conditions on the test rig. Based upon rig to engine benchmarking these same emissions levels should be realized upon the full engine.

Enhanced Splash Models for High Pressure Diesel Spray

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 609-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Allocca ◽  
L. Andreassi ◽  
S. Ubertini
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Yttrium Aluminum Garnet ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Laser Sheet ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Correct Operation

Mixture preparation is a crucial aspect for the correct operation of modern direct injection (DI) Diesel engines as it greatly influences and alters the combustion process and, therefore, the exhaust emissions. The complete comprehension of the spray impingement phenomenon is a quite complete task and a mixed numerical-experimental approach has to be considered. On the modeling side, several studies can be found in the scientific literature but only in the last years complete multidimensional modeling has been developed and applied to engine simulations. Among the models available in literature, in this paper, the models by Bai and Gosman (Bai, C., and Gosman, A. D., 1995, SAE Technical Paper No. 950283) and by Lee et al. (Lee, S., and Ryou, H., 2000, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Pasadena, CA, pp. 586–593; Lee, S., Ko, G. H., Ryas, H., and Hong, K. B., 2001, KSME Int. J., 15(7), pp. 951–961) have been selected and implemented in the KIVA-3V code. On the experimental side, the behavior of a Diesel impinging spray emerging from a common rail injection system (injection pressures of 80 and 120MPa) has been analyzed. The impinging spray has been lightened by a pulsed laser sheet generated from the second harmonic of a Nd-yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. The images have been acquired by a charge coupled device camera at different times from the start of injection. Digital image processing software has enabled to extract the characteristic parameters of the impinging spray with respect to different operating conditions. The comparison of numerical and experimental data shows that both models should be modified in order to allow a proper simulation of the splash phenomena in modern Diesel engines. Then the numerical data in terms of radial growth, height and shape of the splash cloud, as predicted by modified versions of the models are compared to the experimental ones. Differences among the models are highlighted and discussed.

Spray Characterization From Common Rail Injection System for Use in Locomotive Engines

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Essam El-Hannouny ◽  
Douglas Longman ◽  
Steven McConnell ◽  
Xingbin Xie ◽  
Ming-Chai Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Common Rail ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Common Rail Injection System ◽  
Spray Structure ◽  
Common Rail Injection

New U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations are forcing locomotive manufacturers and railroads to reduce pollutant emissions from locomotive operation. Locomotive engines will be required to meet the applicable standards at the time of original manufacture. A variety of emissions-reduction technologies can be used, such as alternative fuels, additives in lubricant oil, and aftertreatment technologies (e.g., selective catalytic reduction and particulate traps). Emissions reduction can also be accomplished inside the cylinder, using advanced diesel fuel injectors that have a significant impact on the quality of spray and charge preparation before engine combustion and subsequent events. High-speed optical measurements have been collected at elevated ambient pressures for sprays from a modular common rail injection system at Argonne National Laboratory in order to investigate spray structure and dynamics. High-speed laser imaging was used to explore the effects of various parameters on the spray structure. The experimental parameters included were ambient gas density, injection pressure, number of spray holes, injection strategy, and internal orifice size. Spray symmetry and structure were found to depend significantly on the nozzle geometry or manufacturing variances and the operating conditions.

Testing of Synthesized Aromatic Kerosene (SAK) Aviation Fuel Blends at Simulated Altitudes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pervez Canteenwalla ◽  
Craig R. Davison ◽  
Wajid A. Chishty ◽  
Cynthia Ginestra ◽  
Brice Dally
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Aromatic Content

A number of pathways for producing new alternative fuels are emerging. One such fuel is Hydrodeoxygenated Synthesized Aromatic Kerosene (HDO-SAK) which is composed of approximately 95% mono-aromatic compounds. This fuel is intended as a blending component to increase the aromatic content of other synthetic fuels that do not contain aromatic compounds and can be used to create either semi-synthetic or fully-synthetic jet fuel for use in aviation. This paper presents the results of engine tests using the HDO-SAK blended with Synthesized Paraffinic Kerosene from Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA-SPK) to create a fully-synthetic fuel with aromatic content that matched that of a comparison conventional jet fuel. Both the HDO-SAK blended fuel and conventional Jet A were tested in a Microturbo TRS-18 turbojet engine at a range of engine conditions and simulated altitudes up to 8,600 m in the National Research Council Canada (NRC) Research Altitude Test Facility (RATFac). This paper details the engine performance results from this testing which represents the first time this particular alternative fuel has been tested in an engine.

Treatment system response to transient AOX (adsorbable organic halogen) loadings

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
D. A. Barton ◽  
J. D. Woodruff ◽  
T. M. Bousquet ◽  
A. M. Parrish
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
System Response ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Organic Halogen ◽  
Aox Removal ◽  
Variable Operating Conditions ◽  
Plant Shutdown

If promulgated as proposed, effluent guidelines for the U.S. pulp and paper industry will impose average monthly and maximum daily numerical limits of discharged AOX (adsorbable organic halogen). At this time, it is unclear whether the maximum-day variability factor used to establish the proposed effluent guidelines will provide sufficient margin for mills to achieve compliance during periods of normal but variable operating conditions within the pulping and bleaching processes. Consequently, additional information is needed to relate transient AOX loadings with final AOX discharges. This paper presents a simplistic dynamic model of AOX decay during treatment. The model consists of hydraulic characterization of an activated sludge process and a first-order decay coefficient for AOX removal. Data for model development were acquired by frequent collection of influent and effluent samples at a bleach kraft mill during a bleach plant shutdown and startup sequence.

scholarly journals Ethanol/Gasoline Blends as Alternative Fuel in Last Generation Spark-Ignition Engines: A Review on CO and HC Engine Out Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 4034
Author(s):  
Paolo Iodice ◽  
Massimo Cardone
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
The Impact

Among the alternative fuels existing for spark-ignition engines, ethanol is considered worldwide as an important renewable fuel when mixed with pure gasoline because of its favorable physicochemical properties. An in-depth and updated investigation on the issue of CO and HC engine out emissions related to use of ethanol/gasoline fuels in spark-ignition engines is therefore necessary. Starting from our experimental studies on engine out emissions of a last generation spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels, the aim of this new investigation is to offer a complete literature review on the present state of ethanol combustion in last generation spark-ignition engines under real working conditions to clarify the possible change in CO and HC emissions. In the first section of this paper, a comparison between physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline is examined to assess the practicability of using ethanol as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines and to investigate the effect on engine out emissions and combustion efficiency. In the next section, this article focuses on the impact of ethanol/gasoline fuels on CO and HC formation. Many studies related to combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in spark-ignition engines fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels are thus discussed in detail. Most of these experimental investigations conclude that the addition of ethanol with gasoline fuel mixtures can really decrease the CO and HC exhaust emissions of last generation spark-ignition engines in several operating conditions.

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