Relative Statistical Calibration of ILI Measurements

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Abdolrazaghi ◽  
Sherif Hassanien ◽  
Karmun Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
True Value ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Examination Techniques

In-Line inspection tools (ILI) including Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) and Ultrasonic (UT) technologies are commonly used to detect/measure potential anomalies in oil and gas pipelines. Some of ILI reported anomalies are usually selected for excavation and validated through field non-destructive examination techniques (NDE). It is a fact that both ILI and NDE readings are contaminated with measurement errors. Such errors are usually originated from inherent tool limitations and capabilities, measurement techniques, and/or human factors. The intend of this paper is to calibrate the corrosion ILI data relative to NDE measurement given estimated statistical errors from both tools. Commonly, a graphical representation is used to compare ILI versus field measurements; namely, a unity plot. Herein, a linear relationship between ILI and NDE measurements is assumed. Such an assumption leads to another assumption of having a linear relationship between the ILI measurement and true value. Similarly, NDE measurement has the same relationship with the true value. An advanced statistical approach based on linear regression and maximum likelihood is used to determine the uncertainty of both ILI and NDE measurement errors. This method is based on first quantifying the uncertainty of ILI and field measurement and then calibrating the ILI data relative to the field using the estimated tools errors. The tool error estimation is based on reducing the relative error between ILI and field measurements. The calibration methodology implements advanced statistics to improve both accuracy and precision of measurement data. The proposed process is validated through results from successive ILI programs. The proposed calibration can be easily adopted in ubiquitous computing spreadsheet environment and be applied to both corrosion and crack measurements.

Maximizing MFL ILI Sizing Confidence and Accuracy Using High-Resolution Field Measurement Data

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Yeung ◽  
Ryan Sporns ◽  
Stuart Clouston ◽  
Grant A. Coleman ◽  
Scott Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Field Measurement ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Defect Profile ◽  
Wide Range

Magnetic Flux Leakage inspection tools are generally calibrated on a series of manufactured defects. This has been shown to give good results on a wide range of defects in varying wall thicknesses, velocities and pipeline conditions. Significant improvements in sizing performance can be achieved if sizing algorithms can be optimized on high resolution field data with low uncertainty that more closely reflects the actual line specific corrosion dimensions and profiles. The effects of defect profile can be significant to the MFL signal response. In order to achieve this goal, very high resolution and accurate field measurement techniques are needed to map the combined profile of a significant number of corrosion defects. This paper discusses a process for developing high performance sizing algorithms that consistently better industry standards for MFL sizing performance in areas of high density or complex corrosion in both oil and gas pipelines through the incorporation of high resolution laser scan technology. Complex corrosion may be considered as an area wherein individual corrosions interact together such that they no longer behave as a single corrosion and the MFL response experiences a superposition of leakage signals. A review of the methodology will be discussed and the results demonstrated through case studies from both Enbridge Pipelines Inc. and TransCanada Pipelines Ltd. where high-resolution field data was used as the basis for sizing model optimization.

New Investigations into Measurement Techniques Using the Pendulous Hammer to Assess Acoustic Insulation in Relation to User-Generated Noise in Residential Buildings

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 784-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Eggenschwiler ◽  
Vincent Sperdin ◽  
Christian Hof ◽  
Schoenwald
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Acoustic Radiation ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Acoustic Insulation ◽  
Airborne Noise ◽  
Periodic Check

With the release of the revised version of the Swiss standard SIA 181:2006 "Protection Against Noise in Buildings", a measurement technique was introduced for simulating user-generated noise in bathtubs, shower cubicles, wash basins etc. employing a pendulous hammer. Despite the undoubted advantages of the measurement method, over the past few years questions have increasingly been raised regarding various issues involved in its use. The characteristics of the pendulous hammer are insufficiently well specified in the standard and a procedure specifying a periodic check of the instrument is lacking. The measurement method itself is described in inadequate detail, so that (for example) depending on the choice of the excitation, potentially very diff erent results may be obtained. In addition, no information is given regarding the measurement uncertainty. The standard gives level corrections for diff erent excitation scenarios. This allows a comparison of the diff erence between the level of the original noise and that generated by the pendulous hammer. The validity of these level corrections is now, to a certain extent, being challenged. In addition, it has been suggested that – depending on the constructional details - the airborne noise emitted by acoustic radiation from the component under investigation is excessive, thereby potentially falsifying the measured values. These issues have been investigated by Empa and, based on a comprehensive set of laboratory and field measurements, clarified. Measurement protocols are given for various components, and the measurement uncertainty has been evaluated. The eff ect of airborne noise has been shown to be acceptable for tests conducted in accordance with the SIA 181 standard. Sufficient measurement data is now available to allow the level corrections to be determined. Finally, specifications for the pendulous hammer itself have been formulated.

Dynamic Measurement of Spatial Attitude at Bottom Rotating Drillstring: Simulation, Experimental, and Field Test

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qilong Xue ◽  
Ruihe Wang ◽  
Baolin Liu ◽  
Leilei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Dynamic Measurement ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
Actual Measurement ◽  
Gas Drilling

In the oil and gas drilling engineering, measurement-while-drilling (MWD) system is usually used to provide real-time monitoring of the position and orientation of the bottom hole. Particularly in the rotary steerable drilling technology and application, it is a challenge to measure the spatial attitude of the bottom drillstring accurately in real time while the drillstring is rotating. A set of “strap-down” measurement system was developed in this paper. The triaxial accelerometer and triaxial fluxgate were installed near the bit, and real-time inclination and azimuth can be measured while the drillstring is rotating. Furthermore, the mathematical model of the continuous measurement was established during drilling. The real-time signals of the accelerometer and the fluxgate sensors are processed and analyzed in a time window, and the movement patterns of the drilling bit will be observed, such as stationary, uniform rotation, and stick–slip. Different signal processing methods will be used for different movement patterns. Additionally, a scientific approach was put forward to improve the solver accuracy benefit from the use of stick–slip vibration phenomenon. We also developed the Kalman filter (KF) to improve the solver accuracy. The actual measurement data through drilling process verify that the algorithm proposed in this paper is reliable and effective and the dynamic measurement errors of inclination and azimuth are effectively reduced.

scholarly journals Empirical analysis of inbound open innovation and SMEs performance: Evidence from oil and gas industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf O. Akinwale
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Petroleum Sector ◽  
External Actors ◽  
The Relationship

Background: This article contributes to existing literature by examining the relationship between inbound open innovation and firms’ financial performance in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. Aim: This article seeks to identify the factors of inbound open innovation and whether these factors influence the financial performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. Setting: This article examines 150 indigenous oil and gas SMEs in the upstream subsector of the Nigerian petroleum sector through a survey, using a questionnaire, conducted in 2015. Methods: The study applied the structural equation modelling (SEM) method. This method is used to test the relationships between the factors and to calculate the measurement errors in the hypotheses formulated. Results: The results show that technology scouting, vertical technology collaboration (VTC) and horizontal technology collaboration (HTC) positively and significantly contribute to inbound open innovation, which are thus significant in influencing the financial performance of SMEs. The size of technical staff and research and development (R&D) fund allocations also have a positive and significant correlation with the SMEs’ financial performance. Meanwhile, the age of SMEs is negative and not significant in influencing financial performance. Conclusion: The results suggest that inbound open innovation through scouting, HTC and VTC should therefore be encouraged among SMEs to boost their internal capabilities, which have hitherto enhanced their financial performance. The management members of each SME should continually consider collaboration with the external actors because they cannot singularly possess all the innovative skills required in the industry. Also, each firm should commit itself to allocate more funds to R&D and at the same time should hire those who have relevant production skills and train the existing ones in their firms.

Estimation of Track Irregularity Based on Genetic Algorithm and Unscented Kalman Filtering

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongmei Shi ◽  
Zujun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Kalman Filtering ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Coupling Model ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
The Real ◽  
True Value ◽  
Track Irregularity

Track irregularity is the main excitation source of wheel-track interaction. Due to the difference of speed, axle load and suspension parameters between track inspection train and the operating trains, the data acquired from the inspection car cannot completely reflect the real status of track irregularity when the operating trains go through the rail. In this paper, an estimation method of track irregularity is proposed using genetic algorithm and Unscented Kalman Filtering. Firstly, a vehicle-track vertical coupling model is established, in which the high-speed vehicle is assumed as a rigid body with two layers of spring and damping system and the track is viewed as an elastic system with three layers. Then, the static track irregularity is estimated by genetic algorithm using the vibration data of vehicle and dynamic track irregularity which are acquired from the inspection car. And the dynamic responses of vehicle and track can be solved if the static track irregularity is known. So combining with vehicle track coupling model of different operating train, the potential dynamic track irregularity is solved by simulation, which the operating train could goes through. To get a better estimation result, Unscented Kalman Filtering (UKF) algorithm is employed to optimize the dynamic responses of rail using measurement data of vehicle vibration. The simulation results show that the estimated static track irregularity and the vibration responses of vehicle track system can go well with the true value. It can be realized to estimate the real rail status when different trains go through the rail by this method.

scholarly journals Revised Estimation Method for Emissions from Automated Plunger Lift Liquid Unloadings

Environments ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Adam Pacsi ◽  
David W. Sullivan ◽  
David T. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Emission Estimate ◽  
National Measurement ◽  
The Individual

A variety of liquid unloading techniques are used to clear accumulated liquids from the wellbore to increase production rates for oil and gas wells. Data from national measurement studies indicate that a small subset of wells with plunger lift assist, that vent with high frequency and short event duration, contribute a significant fraction of methane emissions from liquid unloading activities in the United States. Compared to direct measurement of emissions at 24 wells in a field campaign, the most commonly used engineering emission estimate for this source category, which is based on the volume of gas in the wellbore, does not accurately predict emissions at the individual well (R2 = 0.06). An alternative emission estimate is proposed that relies on the duration of the venting activity and the gas production rate of the well, which has promising statistical performance characteristics when compared to direct measurement data. This work recommends well parameters that should be collected from future field measurement campaigns that are focused on this emission source.

Influence of Partial Admission on the Downstream Stages of a Reaction Turbine: An Analytical Approach Verified by Measurements

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Beer ◽  
Peter Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Radial Direction ◽  
Averaging Method ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Partial Admission ◽  
Control Wheel ◽  
Unsteady Effects ◽  
Inflow Conditions

Field measurements on an industrial steam turbine with a rated power output of 5.8 MW, consisting of an impulse type control wheel and a reaction part, showed a significant gap of efficiency from the design calulations. It was suspected, that this gap results from underestimation of the loss created by non-uniform inflow conditions to the reaction part due to partial admission. The experimental results and data of experiments done in the 1990s are therefore recalculated to find possible explanations. It turns out, that probably the data considered for verifcation is not complete. When taking the complete data into account, and using an averaging method, the verification calculations show, that the models used for design and recalculation of industrial steam turbines are accurate enough for industrial purposes, but a calculation model for efficiency loss due to partial admission has to be added. In this work non-uniformity between the flow passages was not observed for the test turbine. Non-uniformity of the flow in radial direction was observed for the test turbine, but was not taken into consideration here, as the whole rotor was treated integrally. Flow seperations as unsteady effects were not considered, as a steady-state investigation was conducted. The calculation models are verified by comparison with field measurement data from industrial steam turbines, by comparison with the results of a 9 MW steam driven test turbine and by recalculated results from literature. Not all verification calculations are presented in detail here.

scholarly journals Diffracting-grain identification from electron backscatter diffraction maps during residual stress measurements: a comparison between the sin2ψ and cosα methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 828-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorian Delbergue ◽  
Damien Texier ◽  
Martin Lévesque ◽  
Philippe Bocher
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Backscatter ◽  
Backscatter Diffraction

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a widely used technique to evaluate residual stresses in crystalline materials. Several XRD measurement methods are available. (i) The sin2ψ method, a multiple-exposure technique, uses linear detectors to capture intercepts of the Debye–Scherrer rings, losing the major portion of the diffracting signal. (ii) The cosα method, thanks to the development of compact 2D detectors allowing the entire Debye–Scherrer ring to be captured in a single exposure, is an alternative method for residual stress measurement. The present article compares the two calculation methods in a new manner, by looking at the possible measurement errors related to each method. To this end, sets of grains in diffraction condition were first identified from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mapping of Inconel 718 samples for each XRD calculation method and its associated detector, as each method provides different sets owing to the detector geometry or to the method specificities (such as tilt-angle number or Debye–Scherrer ring division). The X-ray elastic constant (XEC) ½S 2, calculated from EBSD maps for the {311} lattice planes, was determined and compared for the different sets of diffracting grains. It was observed that the 2D detector captures 1.5 times more grains in a single exposure (one tilt angle) than the linear detectors for nine tilt angles. Different XEC mean values were found for the sets of grains from the two XRD techniques/detectors. Grain-size effects were simulated, as well as detector oscillations to overcome them. A bimodal grain-size distribution effect and `artificial' textures introduced by XRD measurement techniques are also discussed.

Enhanced Method of Estimating Crude Oil Losses in a Unitized Pipeline Supply and Trunk Facilities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Enweugwu ◽  
Aghogho Monorien ◽  
Ikechukwu Mbeledogu ◽  
Adewale Dosunmu ◽  
Omowunmi Illedare
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Equitable Distribution ◽  
Trunk Line ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Marginal Field ◽  
Oil And Gas Companies ◽  
Two Alternatives

Abstract Most unitized Pipelines in Nigeria are Trunk lines which take crude oil from flow stations to the Terminals. Very few International Oil and Gas Companies own and operate trunk lines in Nigeria. As a result, marginal field owners, independent producers, and some JV partners share the trunk line for the sale of their crude. But because of the use of wide range of non-compliant meters by the injectors into the trunk lines a lot of line losses due to measurement errors are introduced. Another major feature is that trunk lines are exposed to leakages due to sabotage, aged pipeline and valve failures. The issue here is how does the owner of the trunk line back allocate these losses to their respective injectors. The Reverse Mass Balanced Methodology (RMBM) is currently in use having replaced Interim Methodology (IM) in 2017. In RMBM, the crude trunk line losses have been found to be unaccountable and it's proportionate rule for distribution of the losses to the producers are inequitable as the field owners expressed dissatisfaction with unfair deduction from trunk line operators. This study developed a procedure and an algorithm for estimation of crude contributions from each producer at the Terminal and equitable distribution of crude trunk line losses to the producers irrespective of the type of meters, meter factor and leakages and sporadic theft on the trunk lines. This study also identified two alternatives to the RMBM, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Flow based models. The results showed that flow-based model accounts for both individual and group losses, not accounted for in the RMBM, and allocates and corrects for leak volumes at the point of leak instead of at the terminal. This is a significant improvement from the RMBM.

scholarly journals A comprehensive characterization of ice nucleation by three different types of cellulose particles immersed in water

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 4823-4849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naruki Hiranuma ◽  
Kouji Adachi ◽  
David M. Bell ◽  
Franco Belosi ◽  
Hassan Beydoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Active Surface ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Active Surface Site ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Immersion Freezing ◽  
T Values

Abstract. We present the laboratory results of immersion freezing efficiencies of cellulose particles at supercooled temperature (T) conditions. Three types of chemically homogeneous cellulose samples are used as surrogates that represent supermicron and submicron ice-nucleating plant structural polymers. These samples include microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), fibrous cellulose (FC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). Our immersion freezing dataset includes data from various ice nucleation measurement techniques available at 17 different institutions, including nine dry dispersion and 11 aqueous suspension techniques. With a total of 20 methods, we performed systematic accuracy and precision analysis of measurements from all 20 measurement techniques by evaluating T-binned (1 ∘C) data over a wide T range (−36 ∘C <T<-4 ∘C). Specifically, we intercompared the geometric surface area-based ice nucleation active surface site (INAS) density data derived from our measurements as a function of T, ns,geo(T). Additionally, we also compared the ns,geo(T) values and the freezing spectral slope parameter (Δlog(ns,geo)/ΔT) from our measurements to previous literature results. Results show all three cellulose materials are reasonably ice active. The freezing efficiencies of NCC samples agree reasonably well, whereas the diversity for the other two samples spans ≈ 10 ∘C. Despite given uncertainties within each instrument technique, the overall trend of the ns,geo(T) spectrum traced by the T-binned average of measurements suggests that predominantly supermicron-sized cellulose particles (MCC and FC) generally act as more efficient ice-nucleating particles (INPs) than NCC with about 1 order of magnitude higher ns,geo(T).

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