Maximizing MFL ILI Sizing Confidence and Accuracy Using High-Resolution Field Measurement Data

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Yeung ◽  
Ryan Sporns ◽  
Stuart Clouston ◽  
Grant A. Coleman ◽  
Scott Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Field Measurement ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Defect Profile ◽  
Wide Range

Magnetic Flux Leakage inspection tools are generally calibrated on a series of manufactured defects. This has been shown to give good results on a wide range of defects in varying wall thicknesses, velocities and pipeline conditions. Significant improvements in sizing performance can be achieved if sizing algorithms can be optimized on high resolution field data with low uncertainty that more closely reflects the actual line specific corrosion dimensions and profiles. The effects of defect profile can be significant to the MFL signal response. In order to achieve this goal, very high resolution and accurate field measurement techniques are needed to map the combined profile of a significant number of corrosion defects. This paper discusses a process for developing high performance sizing algorithms that consistently better industry standards for MFL sizing performance in areas of high density or complex corrosion in both oil and gas pipelines through the incorporation of high resolution laser scan technology. Complex corrosion may be considered as an area wherein individual corrosions interact together such that they no longer behave as a single corrosion and the MFL response experiences a superposition of leakage signals. A review of the methodology will be discussed and the results demonstrated through case studies from both Enbridge Pipelines Inc. and TransCanada Pipelines Ltd. where high-resolution field data was used as the basis for sizing model optimization.

scholarly journals Data-Driven Intelligent 3D Surface Measurement in Smart Manufacturing: Review and Outlook

Machines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Yuhang Yang ◽  
Zhiqiao Dong ◽  
Yuquan Meng ◽  
Chenhui Shao
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Surface Measurement ◽  
Smart Manufacturing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
3D Surface

High-fidelity characterization and effective monitoring of spatial and spatiotemporal processes are crucial for high-performance quality control of many manufacturing processes and systems in the era of smart manufacturing. Although the recent development in measurement technologies has made it possible to acquire high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) surface measurement data, it is generally expensive and time-consuming to use such technologies in real-world production settings. Data-driven approaches that stem from statistics and machine learning can potentially enable intelligent, cost-effective surface measurement and thus allow manufacturers to use high-resolution surface data for better decision-making without introducing substantial production cost induced by data acquisition. Among these methods, spatial and spatiotemporal interpolation techniques can draw inferences about unmeasured locations on a surface using the measurement of other locations, thus decreasing the measurement cost and time. However, interpolation methods are very sensitive to the availability of measurement data, and their performances largely depend on the measurement scheme or the sampling design, i.e., how to allocate measurement efforts. As such, sampling design is considered to be another important field that enables intelligent surface measurement. This paper reviews and summarizes the state-of-the-art research in interpolation and sampling design for surface measurement in varied manufacturing applications. Research gaps and future research directions are also identified and can serve as a fundamental guideline to industrial practitioners and researchers for future studies in these areas.

The historical development of the magnetic method in exploration

Geophysics ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 33ND-61ND ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Nabighian ◽  
V. J. S. Grauch ◽  
R. O. Hansen ◽  
T. R. LaFehr ◽  
Y. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Magnetic Method ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Weakly Magnetic ◽  
New Applications

The magnetic method, perhaps the oldest of geophysical exploration techniques, blossomed after the advent of airborne surveys in World War II. With improvements in instrumentation, navigation, and platform compensation, it is now possible to map the entire crustal section at a variety of scales, from strongly magnetic basement at regional scale to weakly magnetic sedimentary contacts at local scale. Methods of data filtering, display, and interpretation have also advanced, especially with the availability of low-cost, high-performance personal computers and color raster graphics. The magnetic method is the primary exploration tool in the search for minerals. In other arenas, the magnetic method has evolved from its sole use for mapping basement structure to include a wide range of new applications, such as locating intrasedimentary faults, defining subtle lithologic contacts, mapping salt domes in weakly magnetic sediments, and better defining targets through 3D inversion. These new applications have increased the method's utility in all realms of exploration — in the search for minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, and groundwater, and for a variety of other purposes such as natural hazards assessment, mapping impact structures, and engineering and environmental studies.

scholarly journals A Framework for Automatic Building Detection from Low-Contrast Satellite Images

Symmetry ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aamir ◽  
Yi-Fei Pu ◽  
Ziaur Rahman ◽  
Muhammad Tahir ◽  
Hamad Naeem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Building Detection ◽  
Detection Scheme ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Line Segments ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Images ◽  
Wide Range

Building detection in satellite images has been considered an essential field of research in remote sensing and computer vision. There are currently numerous techniques and algorithms used to achieve building detection performance. Different algorithms have been proposed to extract building objects from high-resolution satellite images with standard contrast. However, building detection from low-contrast satellite images to predict symmetrical findings as of past studies using normal contrast images is considered a challenging task and may play an integral role in a wide range of applications. Having received significant attention in recent years, this manuscript proposes a methodology to detect buildings from low-contrast satellite images. In an effort to enhance visualization of satellite images, in this study, first, the contrast of an image is optimized to represent all the information using singular value decomposition (SVD) based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Second, a line-segment detection scheme is applied to accurately detect building line segments. Third, the detected line segments are hierarchically grouped to recognize the relationship of identified line segments, and the complete contours of the building are attained to obtain candidate rectangular buildings. In this paper, the results from the method above are compared with existing approaches based on high-resolution images with reasonable contrast. The proposed method achieves high performance thus yields more diversified and insightful results over conventional techniques.

Development and Challenges of Warpage for Fan-Out Wafer-Level Package Technology

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
pp. 000524-000528
Author(s):  
Mu-Hsuan Chan ◽  
Yu-Po Wang ◽  
Ivan Chang ◽  
James Chiang ◽  
George Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Optimization ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Thermal Loading ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Geometry Design ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Fan-out wafer-level-packaging (FO-WLP) technology has been widely investigated recently with its advantages of thin form factor structure, cost effectiveness and high performance for wide range applications. Reducing wafer warpage is one of the most challenging needs to be addressed for success on subsequent processes. Therefore, the majority of studies focus on the ratio of die and compound thickness, structure design. In order to optimize the warpage for success on subsequent processes, it is indispensable to consider whole wafer process including thermal loading and stress. In this study, reducdution of wafer warpage at each process was proposed in terms of material selection, and process optimization through finite element analysis (FEA) and experiment. Wafer process dependent modeling results were validated by experimental measurement data. The mutual relationship and effects of material property, compound thickness, and corresponding thermal influences were both investigated and addressed. Key parameters were identified based on FEA modeling results: thickness ratio of die/compound andmolding compound materials. Therefore, the geometry design with balanced die/compound ratio is optimal for warpage improvement. The effect of process will be discussed and should be considered for future package warpage characterization. Such findings have been successfully used in process optimization to reduce wafer warapge after grinding process.

Relative Statistical Calibration of ILI Measurements

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Abdolrazaghi ◽  
Sherif Hassanien ◽  
Karmun Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
True Value ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Examination Techniques

In-Line inspection tools (ILI) including Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) and Ultrasonic (UT) technologies are commonly used to detect/measure potential anomalies in oil and gas pipelines. Some of ILI reported anomalies are usually selected for excavation and validated through field non-destructive examination techniques (NDE). It is a fact that both ILI and NDE readings are contaminated with measurement errors. Such errors are usually originated from inherent tool limitations and capabilities, measurement techniques, and/or human factors. The intend of this paper is to calibrate the corrosion ILI data relative to NDE measurement given estimated statistical errors from both tools. Commonly, a graphical representation is used to compare ILI versus field measurements; namely, a unity plot. Herein, a linear relationship between ILI and NDE measurements is assumed. Such an assumption leads to another assumption of having a linear relationship between the ILI measurement and true value. Similarly, NDE measurement has the same relationship with the true value. An advanced statistical approach based on linear regression and maximum likelihood is used to determine the uncertainty of both ILI and NDE measurement errors. This method is based on first quantifying the uncertainty of ILI and field measurement and then calibrating the ILI data relative to the field using the estimated tools errors. The tool error estimation is based on reducing the relative error between ILI and field measurements. The calibration methodology implements advanced statistics to improve both accuracy and precision of measurement data. The proposed process is validated through results from successive ILI programs. The proposed calibration can be easily adopted in ubiquitous computing spreadsheet environment and be applied to both corrosion and crack measurements.

scholarly journals A Validation Experiment of the Reflectance Products of KOMPSAT-3A Based on RadCalNet Data and Its Applicability to Vegetation Indexing

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 3971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwangseob Kim ◽  
Kiwon Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Field Measurement ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Atmospheric Correction ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Validation Experiment

Surface reflectance products obtained through the absolute atmospheric correction of multispectral satellite images are useful for precise scientific applications. For broader applications, the reflectance products computed using high-resolution images need to be validated with field measurement data. This study dealt with 2.2-m resolution Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite (KOMPSAT)-3A images with four multispectral bands, which were used to obtain top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and top-of-canopy (TOC) reflectance products. The open-source Orfeo Toolbox (OTB) extension was used to generate these products. Next, these were subsequently validated by considering three sites (i.e., Railroad Valley Playa, NV, USA (RVUS), Baotou, China (BTCN), and La Crau, France (LCFR)) in RadCalNet, as well as a calibration and validation portal for remote sensing. We conducted the validations comparing satellite image-based reflectance products and field measurement reflectance based on data sets acquired at different times. The experimental results showed that the overall trend of validation accuracy of KOPSAT-3A was well fitted in all the RadCalNet sites and that the accuracy remained quite constant. Reflectance bands showing the minimum and maximum differences between the sets of experimental data are presented in this paper. The vegetation indices (i.e., the atmospherically resistant vegetation index (ARVI) and the structure insensitive pigment index (SIPI)) and three TOC reflectance bands obtained from KOMPSAT-3A were computed as a case study and used to achieve a detailed vegetation interpretation; finally, the correspondent results were compared with those obtained from Landsat-8 images (downloaded from the Google Earth Engine (GEE)). The validation and the application scheme presented in this study can be potentially applied to the generation of analysis ready data from high-resolution satellite sensor images.

scholarly journals An AT89C52 Microcontroller Based High Resolution PWM Controller for 3-Phase Voltage Source Inverters

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Rahman and S. J. M. Idrus
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Lookup Table ◽  
Voltage Source ◽  
Phase Voltage ◽  
Voltage Source Inverter ◽  
Binary Counter ◽  
Wide Range

A novel technique for generating real time high resolution pulse width modulated patterns for a three phase voltage source inverter is presented in this paper. An AT89C52 microcontroller computes the PWM pulse widths on carrier cycle basis based on the input frequency.  The microcontroller send the pulse width information for the three phases to a memory minimized ROM lookup table, which is scanned by a binary counter to generate the real time PWM patterns. The on board timer of AT89C52 is utilized to generate programmed clock for the scanning binary counter. The overall design is hardware minimized and compact that makes it feasible for low cost high performance ac drive applications.  The proposed PWM controller supports variable frequency variable voltage operation for wide range and hence is ideally suited for industrial drives requiring wide speed variations.  Keywords: Pulse width modulation, Microcontroller application, Voltage source inverter, variable speed ac drives.

DeepStar 11304: Laying the Groundwork for AUV Standards for Deepwater Fields

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Jacobson ◽  
Pierce Cohen ◽  
Amin Nasr ◽  
Art J. Schroeder ◽  
Greg Kusinski
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Regulatory Oversight ◽  
Early Adoption ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractEmerging autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) developments across the oil and gas industry now include pipeline inspection; structural survey; deepwater inspection, repair and maintenance (IRM); and field resident systems for remote/harsh environments. As these capabilities mature, AUVs will become an increasingly important tool for deepwater field operations. Early adoption of AUV standards will facilitate more rapid deployment of AUV technologies and enable the industry to reap a wide range of safety, environmental, operational, and economic benefits for its deepwater fields. The development of industry standards for AUV interfaces will facilitate more rapid implementation of AUV capabilities and lead to more cost-effective, compatible system designs by AUV vendors and field hardware manufacturers. The development of regulatory standards for the interpretation and acceptance of autonomous inspection results is also an essential step toward the achievement of more cost-effective operations and regulatory oversight of deepwater subsea fields. This paper describes a future vision for the use of AUVs in deepwater field operations, the benefits to be realized, and the future capabilities of AUVs that must be anticipated and facilitated within AUV standards to achieve that vision. Additionally, this paper describes the goals and objectives of DeepStar Project 11304, which is laying the groundwork to achieve accelerated standardization of AUV interfaces and the development of regulatory standards for AUV inspections.

Development of a conical anode Fe-gun for low voltage SEM

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 978-979
Author(s):  
T. Miyokawa ◽  
S. Norioka ◽  
S. Goto
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Irradiation Damage ◽  
Cold Cathode ◽  
Virtual Source ◽  
Source Position ◽  
Electrostatic Lens ◽  
Electrostatic Lenses ◽  
Wide Range

Field emission SEMs (FE-SEMs) are becoming popular due to their high resolution needs. In the field of semiconductor product, it is demanded to use the low accelerating voltage FE-SEM to avoid the electron irradiation damage and the electron charging up on samples. However the accelerating voltage of usual SEM with FE-gun is limited until 1 kV, which is not enough small for the present demands, because the virtual source goes far from the tip in lower accelerating voltages. This virtual source position depends on the shape of the electrostatic lens. So, we investigated several types of electrostatic lenses to be applicable to the lower accelerating voltage. In the result, it is found a field emission gun with a conical anode is effectively applied for a wide range of low accelerating voltages.A field emission gun usually consists of a field emission tip (cold cathode) and the Butler type electrostatic lens.

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