The Emotional Experiences of Paralympic Swimming Medalists: Not All Wins and Losses Are Equal

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Martin
Keyword(s):  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
Emotion Theory ◽  
World Ranking

The goal of this study was to determine if emotional expressions at the end of swimmers’ 2016 Paralympic races varied according to medal won and if their race wins and losses were close or not close. Using FaceReader software, videos of 46 races of medal-winning Paralympic (M age = 24.6; SD = 5.4) swimmers’ faces (78 males and 60 females) from 22 countries were analyzed. Silver medalists were angrier and sadder than gold medalists and angrier and more disgusted than bronze medalists. Swimmers who swam slower than their 2015 best time were angrier than Paralympians who swam faster. Paralympians who finished lower than their 2015 world ranking had more neutral emotions and were less happy than Paralympians who finished higher. Gold medalists who narrowly defeated silver medalists were less happy and more fearful than gold medalists who won easily. Bronze medalists with close wins had fewer neutral emotions and were happier, less angry, and more surprised than bronze medalists with not-close wins. All medalists with close wins were more surprised than medalists with easier wins. Bronze medalists with close losses to silver medalists were happier and less angry than bronze medalists who lost more easily. Effect sizes ranged from d = 0.27 to 1.01. These results provide theoretical support to basic emotion theory and confirm the anecdotal observations that Paralympic competition generates wide-ranging and diverse emotions.

Understanding Multimodal Emotional Expressions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dacher Keltner ◽  
Daniel T. Cordaro
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
New Science ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Tactile Communication ◽  
Emotion Theory ◽  
Different Cultures

In this chapter we review recent advances in basic emotion theory, which holds that humans have evolved a limited set of emotional expressions that serve important communicative functions within social interactions. Our review highlights recent evidence showing that a much wider array of emotions than previously thought—up to 15—have distinct displays that are recognized across different cultures. The new science of expression reveals that new modalities—tactile communication and vocalization—likewise signal a variety of emotions. Our review also brings into focus how emotions may be signaled in specific modalities, and likely sources of cultural accents in emotional expression.

scholarly journals Within-person variability in men’s facial width-to-height ratio

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin S.S. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Head Pose ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Camera Parameters ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
The Relationship

Background.In recent years, researchers have investigated the relationship between facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR) and a variety of threat and dominance behaviours. The majority of methods involved measuring FWHR from 2D photographs of faces. However, individuals can vary dramatically in their appearance across images, which poses an obvious problem for reliable FWHR measurement.Methods.I compared the effect sizes due to the differences between images taken with unconstrained camera parameters (Studies 1 and 2) or varied facial expressions (Study 3) to the effect size due to identity, i.e., the differences between people. In Study 1, images of Hollywood actors were collected from film screenshots, providing the least amount of experimental control. In Study 2, controlled photographs, which only varied in focal length and distance to camera, were analysed. In Study 3, images of different facial expressions, taken in controlled conditions, were measured.Results.Analyses revealed that simply varying the focal length and distance between the camera and face had a relatively small effect on FWHR, and therefore may prove less of a problem if uncontrolled in study designs. In contrast, when all camera parameters (including the camera itself) are allowed to vary, the effect size due to identity was greater than the effect of image selection, but the ranking of the identities was significantly altered by the particular image used. Finally, I found significant changes to FWHR when people posed with four of seven emotional expressions in comparison with neutral, and the effect size due to expression was larger than differences due to identity.Discussion.The results of these three studies demonstrate that even when head pose is limited to forward facing, changes to the camera parameters and a person’s facial expression have sizable effects on FWHR measurement. Therefore, analysing images that fail to constrain some of these variables can lead to noisy and unreliable results, but also relationships caused by previously unconsidered confounds.

The Behavioral Ecology View of Facial Displays, 25 Years Later

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Fridlund
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
Externalist View ◽  
Facial Displays ◽  
Emotion Theory

This chapter documents the twin origins of the behavioral ecology view (BECV) of human facial expressions, in (1) the empirical weakness and internal contradictions of the accounts proposed by basic emotion theory (BET) and particularly the neurocultural theory of Paul Ekman et al., and (2) newer understandings about the evolution of animal signaling and communication. BET conceives of our facial expressions as quasi-reflexes which are triggered by universal, modular emotion programs but require management in each culture lest they emerge unthrottled. Unlike BET, BECV regards our facial expressions as contingent signals of intent toward interactants within specific contexts of interaction, even when we are alone and our interactants are ourselves, objects, or implicit others. BECV’s functionalist, externalist view does not deny “emotion,” however it is defined, but does not require it to explain human facial displays.

Introduction to a Special Section on Basic Emotion Theory

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Russell ◽  
Erika L. Rosenberg ◽  
Marc D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Special Section ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
Emotion Theory

Emotion Recognition and Expression in Young Obese Participants: Preliminary Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Surcinelli ◽  
Bruno Baldaro ◽  
Antonio Balsamo ◽  
Roberto Bolzani ◽  
Monia Gennari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Emotional Awareness ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Obese Adolescents ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
The Face ◽  
Preliminary Study

This study of the presence of alexithymic characteristics in obese adolescents and preadolescents tested the hypothesis of whether they showed impaired recognition and expression of emotion. The sample included 30 obese young participants and a control group of 30 participants of normal weight for their ages. Stimuli, 42 faces representing seven emotional expressions, were shown to participants who identified the emotion expressed in the face. The Level of Emotional Awareness Scale was adapted for children to evaluate their ability to describe their emotions. Young obese participants had significantly lower scores than control participants, but no differences were found in recognition of emotion. The lack of words to describe emotions might suggest a greater prevalence of alexithymic characteristics in the obese participants, but the hypothesis of a general deficit in the processing of emotional experiences was not supported.

Healthier and Happier? A 3-Year Longitudinal Investigation of the Prospective Associations and Concurrent Changes in Health and Experiential Well-Being

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1635-1650
Author(s):  
Nathan W. Hudson ◽  
Richard E. Lucas ◽  
M. Brent Donnellan
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Longitudinal Investigation ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Longitudinal Associations ◽  
Health And Well Being

Global well-being is positively correlated with health. Moreover, studies suggest that health and global well-being predict changes in one another across time. Fewer studies, however, have examined the extent to which health is associated with daily emotional experiences—especially longitudinally. The present study examined the longitudinal associations between health and both global and experiential well-being, assessed 4 times across 3 years. Moreover, we used advanced analyses—random-intercept cross-lag models—which address limitations of traditional cross-lag models. Results revealed health and well-being generally did not prospectively predict changes in one another across 1 year. In contrast, year-to-year changes in health were correlated with simultaneous changes in well-being—with effect sizes being largest for global well-being. These findings suggest that health and well-being change together in processes that unfold relatively quickly. Finally, using traditional cross-lag models, numerous potentially illusory prospective associations between health and well-being emerged, underscoring the importance of using appropriate longitudinal statistical models.

Was Darwin Wrong About Emotional Expressions?

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 400-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Feldman Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Expression Of Emotions ◽  
And Function

Emotional expressions have endured as a topic of profound scientific interest for over a century, in part due to Darwin’s classic volume, The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. Since its publication, there has been a strong, spirited debate over the origin, nature, and function of emotional expressions. In this article, I consider two basic questions: What did Darwin really write about emotional expressions, and how well does his account match the modern, conventional, “basic emotion” account? And does the scientific evidence specifically support the modern account of Darwin’s view, or are there alternative hypotheses that provide good (or even better) interpretations for the data at hand? I discuss the various ways that Darwin might be correct (and incorrect) about how emotions and their manifestations have been sculpted by natural selection.

Emotion theory is about more than affect and cognition: Taking triggers and actions into account

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Carver
Keyword(s):  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Attractor Model ◽  
Affect And Cognition ◽  
Emotion Theory

Understanding how emotions emerge is difficult without determining what characteristic of the trigger actually triggers them. Knowing whether emotional experiences self-stabilize is difficult without remembering what other processes are set in play as the emotion emerges. It is not clear either that positive feedback is required for the emergence of emotion or that an attractor model captures well what is happening when an emotion arises.

scholarly journals Emotional Expression: Advances in Basic Emotion Theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dacher Keltner ◽  
Disa Sauter ◽  
Jessica Tracy ◽  
Alan Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
Emotion Theory
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