Association Between Scapular Posture and Two Different Pectoralis Minor Length Tests in Adolescents

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Leyla Eraslan ◽  
Gulcan Harput ◽  
Damla Deniz ◽  
Taha Yildiz ◽  
Burak Ulusoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Postural Asymmetry ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Pectoralis Minor ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Length Measurements

Postural asymmetry due to the alterations in scapular posture is typically considered to be associated with injury. Pectoralis minor (PM) has played a crucial role in scapular posture, but limited knowledge exists that shows the possible effect of PM length on static scapular positioning in adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between static scapular positioning and two different PM length measurements in adolescents. Pearson rank test demonstrated that direct measurements of the PM length significantly and strongly inversely correlated to scapular anterior tilting (p = .01; r = −.592)and significantly and moderately inversely correlated to scapular internal rotation (p = .013; r = −.465) and scapular downward rotation (p = .028; r = −.416). However, indirect measurement of the PM length was not related to scapular posture. No significant correlation was found between direct and indirect PM length measurements. Direct measurement of PM length presents more information regarding alterations of the static scapular positioning.

Cross-bridge blocker BTS permits direct measurement of SR Ca2+ pump ATP utilization in toadfish swimbladder muscle fibers

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (4) ◽  
pp. C781-C787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain S. Young ◽  
Claire L. Harwood ◽  
Lawrence C. Rome
Keyword(s):  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Skinned Fibers ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Cross Bridge ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Hill Coefficients ◽  
Cross Bridges

Because the major processes involved in muscle contraction require rapid utilization of ATP, measurement of ATP utilization can provide important insights into the mechanisms of contraction. It is necessary, however, to differentiate between the contribution made by cross-bridges and that of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ pumps. Specific and potent SR Ca2+ pump blockers have been used in skinned fibers to permit direct measurement of cross-bridge ATP utilization. Up to now, there was no analogous cross-bridge blocker. Recently, N-benzyl- p-toluene sulfonamide (BTS) was found to suppress force generation at micromolar concentrations. We tested whether BTS could be used to block cross-bridge ATP utilization, thereby permitting direct measurement of SR Ca2+ pump ATP utilization in saponin-skinned fibers. At 25 μM, BTS virtually eliminates force and cross-bridge ATP utilization (both <4% of control value). By taking advantage of the toadfish swimbladder muscle's unique right shift in its force-Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) relationship, we measured SR Ca2+ pump ATP utilization in the presence and absence of BTS. At 25 μM, BTS had no effect on SR pump ATP utilization. Hence, we used BTS to make some of the first direct measurements of ATP utilization of intact SR over a physiological range of [Ca2+]at 15°C. Curve fits to SR Ca2+ pump ATP utilization vs. pCa indicate that they have much lower Hill coefficients (1.49) than that describing cross-bridge force generation vs. pCa (∼5). Furthermore, we found that BTS also effectively eliminates force generation in bundles of intact swimbladder muscle, suggesting that it will be an important tool for studying integrated SR function during normal motor behavior.

Direct and Indirect Vibro-Acoustic Measurements for Road Noise NVH Predictions

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Zanarini ◽  
Filip De Coninck ◽  
Krzysztof Mendrok ◽  
Paul Sas
Keyword(s):  
Complex Structure ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Acoustic Measurements ◽  
Road Noise ◽  
Indirect Measurements ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Path Direction ◽  
Vehicle Technologies ◽  
Structure Measurement ◽  
Reverse Path

This paper describes vibro-acoustic direct and indirect measurements for road noise NVH predictions from a complete car. Attention is devoted to the dynamic response of the structure and interior pressure field toward tire patch displacement inputs. The direct measurements exploited the Team Corporation CUBE™ high frequency 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) shaker recently installed at the KULeuven Vehicle Technologies Laboratory; the input was provided directly at the tire contact patch, while the responses were measured as accelerations and pressures on the structure. In the indirect measurements a low-mid frequency volume velocity source (LMFVVS) was used to acoustically excite the structure in the reverse path direction from the inside of the interior car cavity, while accelerations on the car and forces/torques where acquired by a 6-DOF dynamometer at the tire patch. From both types of excitations Frequency Response Functions (FRF) were calculated in the frequency range [0–500 Hz]. The non-linearity of the full car system was investigated with different direct and indirect measurement tests, in order to assess the feasibility of the reciprocity principle in such a complex structure. Measurement set-ups, results and comparisons are described and discussed in detail.

Indirect measurement of total exchangeable potassium

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (3) ◽  
pp. F253-F259 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Shizgal ◽  
A. H. Spanier ◽  
J. Humes ◽  
C. D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Indirect Determination ◽  
Insignificant Difference ◽  
Total Body

A technique is described for the indirect measurement of total exchangeable potassium (Ke) that involves neither the rapidly decaying radioisotopes of potassium nor a total body counter. Total exchangeable sodium (Nae) and total body water (TBW) are measured by isotope dilution. Ke is calculated from Ke = R (TBW) - Nae, where R is the ratio of the sodium plus potassium content divided by the water content, in a sample of whole blood. In 19 normal rats and four rats with uremia there was an insignificant difference between the indirect determination of Ke and its direct measurement by carcass analysis. A similar insignificant difference was recorded between the indirect determination of Ke and its direct measurement by potassium-42 dilution in 15 normal dogs, five dogs with uremia, 14 dogs in an hyposmolar state, and in 20 patients. In 25 normal volunteers, Ke was determined indirectly. The regression of Ke on TBW and the 95% confidence intervals of this population was similar to published data in which Ke was determined by potassium-42 dilution. The indirect measurement of Ke was, therefore, validated experimentally.

scholarly journals Measurement method for incisions ablated by femtosecond laser in biological soft tissues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Shen ◽  
Zhao wanqin ◽  
Haodong Liu ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Xu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femtosecond Laser ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Chicken Breast ◽  
High Measurement ◽  
Direct Measurement Method ◽  
Measurement Efficiency

Abstract BackgroundHematoxylin and Eosin staining in paraffin embedded tissue (H&E staining in paraffin embedded tissue) is a widely used method in the incision dimensions measurement. Since H&E staining in paraffin embedded tissue requires complicated process and spends a lot of time, a direct measurement method based on a microscope is proposed to measure the incision dimensions, which greatly improves the efficiency.AimIn this paper, a direct measurement method using optical microscope and an indirect measurement method based on H&E staining in paraffin embedded tissue are presented and compared, so as to obtain a better method of measurement efficiency and accuracy.ApproachThe femtosecond laser is used to process chicken breast tissue, the directly measurement method based on a microscope and indirectly measurement method based on H&E staining are used to measure dimensions. Moreover, the laser confocal microscopy measurement (LCM) is also used to measure the incision depth.ResultsIt was found that the direct measurement method has high measurement efficiency and accuracy for incision dimensions measurement.ConclusionsOverall, the incision dimensions obtained by femtosecond laser processing can be measured through the direct measurement method instead of H&E staining in paraffin embedded tissue.

scholarly journals Pectoralis minor length measurements in three different scapula positions

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhle A. Komati ◽  
Francina E. Korkie ◽  
Piet Becker
Keyword(s):  
Pectoralis Minor ◽  
Length Measurements

scholarly journals Improved evaluation of uncertainty for indirect measurement

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeriy Ivanovich Didenko
Keyword(s):  
Total Error ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Analog To Digital Converters ◽  
Uncertainty Evaluation ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Different Types

<p class="Abstract"><span lang="EN-US">The paper gives formulae for uncertainty evaluation of an indirect measurement based on direct measurements made by different types of measuring devices. The first type of the measuring devices has the specifications of a total error (e.g. digital instruments), while the second type has the specifications of offset, gain and linearity errors (e.g. analog to digital converters). The choice of a device range and the configuration of measuring circuits for decreasing uncertainty are considered. The conversion of the specifications for the first type to the specifications for the second type is discussed.</span></p>

scholarly journals Subnasio-Sella Distance for Transnasal Approach to the Sella Region: Indirect vs. Direct Measurement on Sagittal Section of the Skull in Nigerians

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
Ihuoma A Igwilo ◽  
Ademola A Oremosu ◽  
Okezie O Kanu ◽  
Olufunke Dosumu
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Anterior Skull Base ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Transnasal Approach ◽  
Anterior Nasal Spine

Objectives: The incidence of pituitary pathology requiring surgery is on the increase. The transnasal approach to anterior skull base is a technique which demands a thorough knowledge of the surgical anatomy. There is a dearth of knowledge on reference values for transnasal surgery on subjects of African descent. Thus the aim of this study is to ultimately improve visualisation of the surgical corridor, minimize surgical risks and improved maneuverability of surgical instruments during transnasal microsurgery (ergonomics). Methods & Materials: A total of 11 cadavers of Nigerian descent were employed in this study. Using the 3 piece caliper set (Big Horn Corporation®,India), an indirect measurement of the Subnasio-sella distance was obtained. Subsequently, a direct measurement was obtained from sagittal sections of the same skulls. Result: All randomly selected cadavers employed in the study were adult males of Sub-saharan descent. The mean indirect (distance from the anterior nasal spine i.e. subnasal point to the sella floor in an intact skull), direct A (subnasio-sella distance in a sagitally transected skull) and sella thickness measurements were found to be 8.6cm ± 0.38 cm, 8.7 cm ± 0.37 cm and 0.2 cm±0.05 cm respectively ,at 95% confidence interval. Comparison of the indirect and the direct A measurements showed statistical significance (p<0.5). A semi-logarithmic equation was derived: Direct A= 8.297 ln(Indirect measurement) – 9.079 Conclusion: Since transnasal transsphenoidal approach has been successfully used in the treatment of various anterior skull base pathologies, applying a relationship equation would guide choice of instruments employed and immensely minimize associated operative risks. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8453 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 120-129

Blading Vibration and Failures in Gas Turbines: Part C — Detection and Troubleshooting

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrus B. Meher-Homji
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Qualitative Information ◽  
Part C ◽  
Microstructure Changes ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Blade Failure

Blade failures account for as many as 42% of failures in gas turbines. This paper covers approaches to detect and avoid blade failures by direct and indirect measurement techniques. Direct measurements involve the use of special sensors or methods that measure blading vibration or condition. Indirect techniques do not quantitatively measure blade conditions but provide qualitative information that help in avoiding blade problems. Metallurgical tests of hot section blades to determine microstructure changes are also covered. A blade failure troubleshooting chart is furnished to assist users in diagnosing common failure modes.

Measurement of the pulling force of a single contractile root

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1433-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Pütz
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Lifting Technique ◽  
Channel Effect ◽  
Contractile Root ◽  
Plant Movement ◽  
Pulling Force ◽  
Root Contraction ◽  
Sauromatum Guttatum

A technique is described that can be used for direct measurement of the force of a single contractile root. This lifting technique has been tested on five species. It is shown that the results from direct measurement are in general agreement with those obtained with an indirect measurement. This new technique makes it possible to measure the pulling force of plants with specialized movements, e.g., Triteleia hyacinthina, in which contractile roots produce a channel for the movement of the offset. Although Triteleia contractile roots have what has been described as a 100% channel effect, measurements with the lifting technique show that a pulling force can, indeed, be measured. Key words: contractile root(s), monocotyledons, root contraction, plant movement, Triteleia hyacinthina, Sauromatum guttatum.

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