scholarly journals Lower Extremity Joint Moments During Carrying Tasks in Children

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C. Gillette ◽  
Catherine A. Stevermer ◽  
Ross H. Miller ◽  
W. Brent Edwards ◽  
Charles V. Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Ankle Inversion ◽  
Ankle Eversion ◽  
Hip Extension

Farm youth often carry loads that are proportionally large and/or heavy, and field measurements have determined that these tasks are equivalent to industrial jobs with high injury risks. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of age, load amount, and load symmetry on lower extremity joint moments during carrying tasks. Three age groups (8–10 years, 12–14 years, adults), three load amounts (0%, 10%, 20% BW), and three load symmetry levels (unilateral large bucket, unilateral small bucket, bilateral small buckets) were tested. Inverse dynamics was used to determine maximum ankle, knee, and hip joint moments. Ankle dorsiflexion, ankle inversion, ankle eversion, knee adduction, and hip extension moments were significantly higher in 8–10 and 12–14 year olds. Ankle plantar flexion, ankle inversion, knee extension, and hip extension moments were significantly increased at 10% and 20% BW loads. Knee and hip adduction moments were significantly increased at 10% and 20% BW loads when carrying a unilateral large bucket. Of particular concern are increased ankle inversion and eversion moments for children, along with increased knee and hip adduction moments for heavy, asymmetrical carrying tasks. Carrying loads bilaterally instead of unilaterally avoided increases in knee and hip adduction moments with increased load amount.

Effects of Turn Angle and Pivot Foot on Lower Extremity Kinetics during Walk and Turn Actions

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dali Xu ◽  
John W. Chow ◽  
Y. Tai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Turn Angle ◽  
Ankle Muscles ◽  
Flexion Moment ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ankle Plantar Flexion

This study examined lower extremity joint moments during walk and turn with different turn angles and pivot feet. Seven young adults (age 21 ± 1.3 yrs) were asked to walk at a self-selected speed (1.35 ± 0.15 m/s) and to turn to the right using right (spin turn) and left (step turn) pivot feet at turn angles of 0° (walking straight), 45°, and 90°. Video and forceplate systems were employed for kinematic and kinetic data collection. Inverse dynamics approach was used to compute joint moments using segmental kinematics, ground reaction forces, and moments. The participants decreased their forward speed by increasing the ankle plantar flexion moment as the turn angle increased. The peak ankle plantar flexion moment during the braking phase increased with increasing turn angle for both spin and step turns. Ankle invertor moments were observed only in spin turns, suggesting that more ankle muscles are involved in spin turns than in step turns. The turn angle had a significant effect on the transverse plane moment profiles at the different lower extremity joints. The results suggest that the loading patterns of different anatomical structures in the lower extremity are affected by both turn angle and pivot foot during walk and turn actions.

Lower-Extremity Isokinetic Strength Profiling in Professional Rugby League and Rugby Union

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Brown ◽  
Matt Brughelli ◽  
Peter C. Griffiths ◽  
John B. Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Joint Torque ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hip Strength ◽  
Hip Extension

Purpose:While several studies have documented isokinetic knee strength in junior and senior rugby league players, investigations of isokinetic knee and hip strength in professional rugby union players are limited. The purpose of this study was to provide lower-extremity strength profiles and compare isokinetic knee and hip strength of professional rugby league and rugby union players.Participants:32 professional rugby league and 25 professional rugby union players.Methods:Cross-sectional analysis. Isokinetic dynamometry was used to evaluate peak torque and strength ratios of the dominant and nondominant legs during seated knee-extension/flexion and supine hip-extension/flexion actions at 60°/s.Results:Forwards from both codes were taller and heavier and had a higher body-mass index than the backs of each code. Rugby union forwards produced significantly (P < .05) greater peak torque during knee flexion in the dominant and nondominant legs (ES = 1.81 and 2.02) compared with rugby league forwards. Rugby league backs produced significantly greater hip-extension peak torque in the dominant and nondominant legs (ES = 0.83 and 0.77) compared with rugby union backs. There were no significant differences in hamstring-to-quadriceps ratios between code, position, or leg. Rugby union forwards and backs produced significantly greater knee-flexion-to-hip-extension ratios in the dominant and nondominant legs (ES = 1.49–2.26) than rugby union players.Conclusions:It seems that the joint torque profiles of players from rugby league and union codes differ, which may be attributed to the different demands of each code.

scholarly journals The effect of stride length on lower extremity joint kinetics at various gait speeds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. McGrath ◽  
Melissa L. Ziegler ◽  
Margaret Pires-Fernandes ◽  
Brian A. Knarr ◽  
Jill S. Higginson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Gait Training ◽  
Joint Moment ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Joint Kinetics ◽  
Trailing Limb Angle

AbstractRobot-assisted training is a promising tool under development for improving walking function based on repetitive goal-oriented task practice. The challenges in developing the controllers for gait training devices that promote desired changes in gait is complicated by the limited understanding of the human response to robotic input. A possible method of controller formulation can be based on the principle of bio-inspiration, where a robot is controlled to apply the change in joint moment applied by human subjects when they achieve a gait feature of interest. However, it is currently unclear how lower extremity joint moments are modulated by even basic gaitspatio-temporal parameters.In this study, we investigated how sagittal plane joint moments are affected by a factorial modulation of two important gait parameters: gait speed and stride length. We present the findings obtained from 20 healthy control subjects walking at various treadmill-imposed speeds and instructed to modulate stride length utilizing real-time visual feedback. Implementing a continuum analysis of inverse-dynamics derived joint moment profiles, we extracted the effects of gait speed and stride length on joint moment throughout the gait cycle. Moreover, we utilized a torque pulse approximation analysis to determine the timing and amplitude of torque pulses that approximate the difference in joint moment profiles between stride length conditions, at all gait speed conditions.Our results show that gait speed has a significant effect on the moment profiles in all joints considered, while stride length has more localized effects, with the main effect observed on the knee moment during stance, and smaller effects observed for the hip joint moment during swing and ankle moment during the loading response. Moreover, our study demonstrated that trailing limb angle, a parameter of interest in programs targeting propulsion at push-off, was significantly correlated with stride length. As such, our study has generated assistance strategies based on pulses of torque suitable for implementation via a wearable exoskeleton with the objective of modulating stride length, and other correlated variables such as trailing limb angle.

scholarly journals Exercise Prescription for a Patient 3 Months After Hip Fracture

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 676-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen K Mangione ◽  
Kerstin M Palombaro
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Physical Therapist ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
Balance Confidence ◽  
Program Outcome ◽  
Strengthening Exercises ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
Hip Extension

Abstract Background and Purpose. Most patients with hip fracture do not return to prefracture functional status 1 year after surgery. The literature describing interventions, however, does not use classic overload and specificity principles. The purpose of this case report is to describe the use of resistance training to improve functional outcomes in a patient following hip fracture. Case Description. The patient was a 68-year-old woman who had a comminuted intertrochanteric fracture of the left hip 3 months previously. She used a cane for ambulation, and her walking was limited. The patient received 16 sessions of lower-extremity strengthening exercises, aerobic training on a stationary bicycle, functional training supervised by a physical therapist, and a home stretching program. Outcome. The patient's isometric muscle force for involved hip extension, hip abduction, and knee extension improved by 86%, 138%, and 33%, respectively; walking endurance increased by 22.5%; balance improved by 400%; balance confidence increased by 41%; and self-reported ability to perform lower-extremity functional activities increased by 20%. Discussion. The authors believe that some patients can perform comprehensive exercise programs after hip fracture and that properly designed programs can affect patient outcomes beyond observed impairments.

Discriminatory Ability of Lower-Extremity Peak Torque and Rate of Torque Development in the Identification of Older Women With Slow Gait Speed

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Hellen Morcelli ◽  
Dain Patrick LaRoche ◽  
Luciano Fernandes Crozara ◽  
Nise Ribeiro Marques ◽  
Camilla Zamfolini Hallal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Rate Of Torque Development ◽  
Functional Gait ◽  
Hip Extension ◽  
Torque Development

The aim was to compare torque and rate of torque development of lower limb muscles between older women with functional and slow gait speeds to determine which muscle group is the best predictor of functional gait speed, and to establish strength thresholds needed for functional walking speed. Torque and rate of torque development of hip, knee, and ankle muscles were measured in older women who were divided in 2 groups according to gait speed: slow gait speed (<1.22 m·s−1) and functional gait speed (≥1.22 m·s−1). For each muscle group, 3 maximal isometric contractions were performed, and peak torque and rate of torque development were recorded. Older women with slow gait speed had lower peak torque than older women with functional gait speed for hip extension (28%), knee flexion (15%), knee extension (14%), and plantar flexion (16%) (allPs < .05). Older women with slow gait speed had lower peak rate of torque development for hip flexion (29%), hip extension (37%), knee flexion (34%), knee extension (33%), and plantar flexion (19%) (allPs < .05). Knee extension peak rate of torque development and hip extension peak torque were the better predictors of functional gait speed with thresholds of 2.96 N·m·s−1·kg−1and 1.26 N·m·kg−1, respectively.

Obese Youth Demonstrate Altered Landing Knee Mechanics Unrelated to Lower-Extremity Peak Torque When Compared With Healthy Weight Youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Briggs ◽  
Claire Spech ◽  
Rachel King ◽  
Mike McNally ◽  
Matthew Paponetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Knee Flexion Angle ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Knee Mechanics ◽  
Landing Mechanics ◽  
Peak Knee ◽  
Hip Extension

Obese (OB) youth demonstrate altered knee mechanics and worse lower-extremity performance compared with healthy weight (HW) youth. Our objectives were to compare sagittal plane knee landing mechanics between OB and HW youth and to examine the associations of knee and hip extension peak torque with landing mechanics in OB youth. Twenty-four OB and 24 age- and sex-matched HW youth participated. Peak torque was measured and normalized to leg lean mass. Peak knee flexion angle and peak internal knee extension moment were measured during a single-leg hop landing. Paired t tests, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Bonferroni corrections were used. OB youth demonstrated worse performance and lower knee extension (OB: 12.76 [1.38], HW: 14.03 [2.08], P = .03) and hip extension (OB: 8.59 [3.13], HW: 11.10 [2.89], P = .005) peak torque. Furthermore, OB youth demonstrated lower peak knee flexion angles (OB: 48.89 [45.41 to 52.37], HW: 56.07 [52.59 to 59.55], P = .02) and knee extension moments (OB: −1.73 [−1.89 to −1.57], HW: −2.21 [−2.37 to −2.05], P = .0001) during landing compared with HW youth. Peak torque measures were not correlated with peak knee flexion angle nor internal knee extension moment during landing in either group (P > .01). OB youth demonstrated altered landing mechanics compared with HW youth. However, no associations among peak torque measurements and knee landing mechanics were present.

scholarly journals THE GAIT ANALYSIS OF PREGNANT WOMEN

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
TSAN-HSUN HUANG ◽  
SHENG-CHE LIN ◽  
CHIN-SHAN HO ◽  
CHIA-YUEN YU ◽  
YOU-LI CHOU
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Joint Center ◽  
Hip Extension

During pregnancy, a woman changes obviously in body weight, body shape, and endocrine system. Those changes make the posture and gait pattern of the pregnant women different from those of the non-pregnant women. At the same time, activities of daily living become more difficult. But there was still no published paper discussing the posture and gait changes of the pregnant women in details and in a whole. In this study, we used the optimization method to define the hip joint center of the pregnant women. The optimization method could compensate the lack of the anthropometric data of the pregnant women. Due to the variations of physiological changes in the pregnant women, it was difficulty to standardize the gait analysis of pregnant women, even in the same gestational age. The results revealed that there really was some correlation between the significant finding of gait analysis and sacroiliac pain of the pregnant women. The sacroiliac pain often occurred in the following conditions of gait analysis: (1) when the hip extension moment increased; (2) when the knee extension moment decreased; (3) when the angle of ankle plantar-flexion decreased; and (4) when the sacroiliac ajoint torsion increased. The gait analysis of the pregnant is a feasible, but complicated method for study. The data of gait analysis were also compare with questionnaires for further analysis.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional kinematic differences between accurate and high velocity kicks in rugby union place kicking

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Sinclair ◽  
PJ Taylor ◽  
A Smith ◽  
J Bullen ◽  
I Bentley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Ball Velocity ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Foot Position ◽  
Hip Extension

Place kicking occurs many times during a rugby union game with more than half of all points scored coming from place kicking. Ball velocity is an important biomechanical indicator of kicking success, but it also evident that the ball must be kicked accurately to pass between the posts. This study aimed to identify biomechanical differences in rugby place kicking kinematics when kicking towards a specific target and for maximum velocity. Ten male rugby union kickers performed place kicks in two conditions: (1) for maximum velocity and (2) towards a pre-defined target. Lower extremity kinematics were obtained using an optoelectric motion capture system operating at 500 Hz. Differences in lower extremity kinematics between the two kicking conditions were examined using paired t-tests. Higher ball velocities were obtained when kicking for maximum velocity. Foot linear velocity, knee extension velocity and hip extension velocity were also found to be greater when kicking for maximum velocity. Ankle dorsiflexion and peak external rotation were found to be greater in the accuracy condition. The findings suggest that rugby kickers may have selected distinct kicking mechanics characterised by reduced joint angular velocities and a more externally rotated foot position in a deliberate attempt to improve precision, sacrificing ball velocity and thus the distance that the ball can be kicked. The specific findings from the current work have implications for coaches and applied practitioners which may facilitate improvements in kicking performance.

Joint-Specific Power-Pedaling Rate Relationships During Maximal Cycling

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
John McDaniel ◽  
N. Scott Behjani ◽  
Steven J. Elmer ◽  
Nicholas A.T. Brown ◽  
James C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Rate Relationship ◽  
S Cycling ◽  
Hip Extension ◽  
Ankle Plantar Flexion ◽  
Pedaling Rate

Previous authors have reported power-pedaling rate relationships for maximal cycling. However, the joint-specific power-pedaling rate relationships that contribute to pedal power have not been reported. We determined absolute and relative contributions of joint-specific powers to pedal power across a range of pedaling rates during maximal cycling. Ten cyclists performed maximal 3 s cycling trials at 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 rpm. Joint-specific powers were averaged over complete pedal cycles, and extension and flexion actions. Effects of pedaling rate on relative joint-specific power, velocity, and excursion were assessed with regression analyses and repeated-measures ANOVA. Relative ankle plantar flexion power (25 to 8%;P= .01;R2= .90) decreased with increasing pedaling rate, whereas relative hip extension power (41 to 59%;P< .01;R2= .92) and knee flexion power (34 to 49%;P< .01;R2= .94) increased with increasing pedaling rate. Knee extension powers did not differ across pedaling rates. Ankle joint angular excursion decreased with increasing pedaling rate (48 to 20 deg) whereas hip joint excursion increased (42 to 48 deg). These results demonstrate that the often-reported quadratic power-pedaling rate relationship arises from combined effects of dissimilar joint-specific power-pedaling rate relationships. These dissimilar relationships are likely influenced by musculoskeletal constraints (ie, muscle architecture, morphology) and/or motor control strategies.

AGE–GENDER DIFFERENCE IN THE BIOMECHANICAL FEATURES OF SIT-TO-STAND MOVEMENT

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (08) ◽  
pp. 1640027 ◽  
Author(s):  
YURI KWON ◽  
JAE-HOON HEO ◽  
HYEONG-MIN JEON ◽  
SE DONG MIN ◽  
JAE-HOON JUN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Flexion Moment ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Biomechanical Features

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of age and gender on the biomechanical features of sit-to-stand (STS) movement. Twenty young subjects and 20 elderly subjects participated in this study. Nine events during STS movement were defined where joint angles and joint moments were extracted for further analyses. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed for joint angles and joint moments with age and gender as independent factors. Major gender differences were shown in joint angles. Women used a sliding forward strategy more than men (more flexion of ankle and knee joint) during mid-phases of STS movement ([Formula: see text]) and men used an exaggerated trunk flexion strategy more than women (more hip flexion) in later phases of STS movement ([Formula: see text]). Age differences were shown in joint moments. Elderly subjects showed smaller knee extension moment (normalized by body weight) but greater ankle plantar flexion moment than young subjects in mid-to-late phases of STS movement ([Formula: see text]). More anterior positioning of center of mass (COM) in the elderly might be the reason for the strategy difference. That is, the shorter distance of COM from the knee joint would require less knee extension moment, and likewise, the more forward displacement of COM with respect to the ankle joint would need more plantar flexion moment. More anterior positioning of COM in the elderly, compared to the young was reflected on center of pressure (COP), and the forward displacement of COP was correlated well with the higher body mass index (BMI) and shorter thigh length ([Formula: see text]).

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