Geomorphological conditions of snow avalanches in the Tatra Mountains

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Rączkowska ◽  
Michał Długosz ◽  
Elżbieta Rojan
Keyword(s):  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Snow Avalanches ◽  
Tatra Mountains ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Slope Inclination ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
The Tatra Mountains ◽  
The High Tatras

Snow avalanches are substantial processes of the natural environment and the denudation system in high mountains, with their activity depending on topoclimate, relief and snow conditions. The aim of the present research was to recognise the geomorphological conditions for snow avalanche activity in the Tatra Mountains by analysing the relationship between relief and avalanche path features for the area encompassing the whole of the massif – both the Polish and Slovak parts of the Tatras. Maps of snow avalanches that occurred in the recent past, aerial photos and a digital terrain model were used to make a map of avalanche paths, with the starting zone, avalanche track and accumulation zone specified within each snow avalanche path. For each type of designated unit of snow avalanche track, a morphometric analysis was performed, taking into account slope aspect and inclination. More than 3,770 avalanche paths were identified whose number, morphometric features and altitudinal range differ between individual parts of the Tatra Mountains, corresponding to relief. The length of avalanche paths reaches up to 3,138 m, with paths located about 200 m higher in the High Tatras than in other parts of the massif. The average area of the starting zone in the High Tatras is half the size of that in the Western Tatras, while the number of accumulation zones is double the size. Based on a statistical analysis, the interrelations between slope exposure, slope inclination and length of avalanche path, as well as size of starting zones, were established. It was found that the length of avalanche tracks and the size of avalanche starting zones both decrease with increasing slope inclination.

scholarly journals The estimation of errors in calculated terrain corrections in the Tatra Mountains

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavol Zahorec ◽  
Roman Pašteka ◽  
Juraj Papčo
Keyword(s):  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Tatra Mountains ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Bouguer Anomalies ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Terrain Corrections ◽  
The Tatra Mountains ◽  
Shed Light

The estimation of errors in calculated terrain corrections in the Tatra Mountains In general, calculation of terrain corrections can be a substantial source of errors in evaluating Bouguer anomalies, especially in rugged mountainous areas like the Tatra Mountains where we also get the largest values of the terrain corrections as such. It is then natural that analysis of their calculations in this area can shed light on the magnitude of correction-related errors within the whole Slovak territory. In the framework of our analysis we have estimated the effect of different computing approaches as well as the influence of accuracy of the inputs, i.e. the heights and positions of the measuring points, together with the used digital terrain models. For the sake of testing the computer programs which are currently in use, we have also substituted the real terrain by synthetic topography. We found that among the concerned constituents the most important factor is the used digital terrain model and its accuracy. The possible model-caused errors can exceed 10 mGal in the Tatra Mountains (for the density of 2.67 g.cm-3).

scholarly journals Creation of the snow avalanche susceptibility map of the Krkonoše Mountains using GIS

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Suk ◽  
Martin Klimánek
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Susceptibility Map ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Slope Steepness ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Supervised Image Classification

This article deals with the development of the snow avalanche susceptibility map in the Czech part of the Krkonoše Mountains using the free Geographic Information System (GIS) GRASS. The area susceptibility map consists of two components: the morphological risk map, which is derived from the digital terrain model (DTM) and describes the slope steepness, aspect and curvature of the slope, and the protecting vegetation influence map, which is based on supervised image classification (spectrozonal aerial photos) and takes into consideration the importance of vegetation cover. The final map also includes starting zones calculated on the basis of significant changes in slope steepness and approximate shapes of avalanche paths based on these zones. In the map development, the layer of measured paths of avalanche cadastre in the Czech part of the Krkonoše Mountains was used, partly to gain the morphological characteristics of starting zones and partly to check the quality of the map.

scholarly journals Correlation among Earthwork and Cropmark Anomalies within Archaeological Landscape Investigation by Using LiDAR and Multispectral Technologies from UAV

Drones ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Diego Ronchi ◽  
Marco Limongiello ◽  
Salvatore Barba
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Buried Structures ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Survey Techniques ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Vegetation Maps ◽  
The One

This project aimed to systematically investigate the archaeological remains of the imperial Domitian villa in Sabaudia (Italy), using different three-dimensional survey techniques. Particular attention in the research was paid to the identification and documentation of traces that buried structures left on the surface occupied by the villa, which extended for 46 hectares, an area that was fully covered with structures. Since a dense pine forest was planted during the 1940s and is currently covering the site, this contribution investigates particularly the correlation among the presence of cropmarks, identifiable with the processing of multispectral maps and vegetation indices from RGB images, and earthwork anomalies identified in a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) built, by utilizing a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) flight from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The study demonstrates how the use of vegetation maps—calculated starting from RGB and multispectral aerial photos—can provide a more expeditious preliminary analysis on the position and extension of areas characterized by the presence of buried structures, but also that, in order to investigate in-depth a context in similar conditions, the most effective approach remains the one based on LiDAR technology. The integration between the two techniques may prove fruitful in limiting the extension of the areas to be investigated with terrestrial survey techniques.

scholarly journals Variability of the snow avalanche danger in the Tatra Mountains during the past nine decades

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Gądek ◽  
Mariusz Grabiec ◽  
Zofia Rączkowska ◽  
Andrzej Maciata
Keyword(s):  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Tatra Mountains ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Tatra Mountains ◽  
Avalanche Danger

scholarly journals Application of timberline morphometric analysis for detecting snow avalanche paths: A case study of the Tatra Mountains

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Spyt ◽  
Ryszard J. Kaczka ◽  
Michał Lempa ◽  
Zofia Rączkowska
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Tatra Mountains ◽  
The Tatra Mountains

A renovated model for spatial analysis of pollutant runoff loads in agricultural watershed

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Ryong Ha ◽  
Dhong Il Jung ◽  
Cho Hee Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Stream Water ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Agricultural Watershed ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Unit Loading ◽  
Pollutant Discharge

Runoff loads of pollutant in agricultural watersheds were spatially analyzed by using geographic information system(GIS) technology. The topological relationship between pollution sources in the watershed was, first of all, identified by using the developed digital map of land use and then the pollutant loads generated from each source was estimated by applying a conventional unit loading factor on the obtained digital information of pollution sources. To evaluate the loads delivered from spatially distributed pollution sources to monitoring stations in down stream via surface of watershed, a renovated empirical model incorporated with the information of pollutant discharge path was developed through introducing a digital terrain model(DTM) technique. In this model, the function of degradation of pollution loads during delivery process was simplified so that each watershed could have a basin-wide self-purification capacity which would be considered to be possessed inherently in each watershed and could retard the discharge of pollutants from sources generated to stream water. Model credibility showed good consistency with comparing the simulated values with observed data. Monte Carlo optimizing technique made it possible to estimate the basin-wide self-purification coefficients.

scholarly journals The Effect of LiDAR Sampling Density on DTM Accuracy for Areas with Heavy Forest Cover

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Mihnea Cățeanu ◽  
Arcadie Ciubotaru
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Initial Point ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Sampling Density ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Point Density ◽  
The Impact

Laser scanning via LiDAR is a powerful technique for collecting data necessary for Digital Terrain Model (DTM) generation, even in densely forested areas. LiDAR observations located at the ground level can be separated from the initial point cloud and used as input for the generation of a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) via interpolation. This paper proposes a quantitative analysis of the accuracy of DTMs (and derived slope maps) obtained from LiDAR data and is focused on conditions common to most forestry activities (rough, steep terrain with forest cover). Three interpolation algorithms were tested: Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Natural Neighbour (NN) and Thin-Plate Spline (TPS). Research was mainly focused on the issue of point data density. To analyze its impact on the quality of ground surface modelling, the density of the filtered data set was artificially lowered (from 0.89 to 0.09 points/m2) by randomly removing point observations in 10% increments. This provides a comprehensive method of evaluating the impact of LiDAR ground point density on DTM accuracy. While the reduction of point density leads to a less accurate DTM in all cases (as expected), the exact pattern varies by algorithm. The accuracy of the LiDAR-derived DTMs is relatively good even when LiDAR sampling density is reduced to 0.40–0.50 points/m2 (50–60 % of the initial point density), as long as a suitable interpolation algorithm is used (as IDW proved to be less resilient to density reductions below approximately 0.60 points/m2). In the case of slope estimation, the pattern is relatively similar, except the difference in accuracy between IDW and the other two algorithms is even more pronounced than in the case of DTM accuracy. Based on this research, we conclude that LiDAR is an adequate method for collecting morphological data necessary for modelling the ground surface, even when the sampling density is significantly reduced.

scholarly journals A new diatom training set for the reconstruction of past water pH in the Tatra Mountain lakes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwira Sienkiewicz ◽  
Michał Gąsiorowski ◽  
Ladislav Hamerlík ◽  
Peter Bitušík ◽  
Joanna Stańczak
Keyword(s):  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Tatra Mountains ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Inferred Ph ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Tatra Mountains ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractLakes located in the Polish and Slovak parts of the Tatra Mountains were included in the Tatra diatom database (POL_SLOV training set). The relationship between the diatoms and the water chemistry in the surface sediments of 33 lakes was the basis for the statistical and numerical techniques for quantitative pH reconstruction. The reconstruction of the past water pH was performed using the alpine (AL:PE) and POL_SLOV training sets to compare the reliability of the databases for the Tatra lakes. The results showed that the POL_SLOV training set had better statistical parameters (R2 higher by 0.16, RMSE and max. bias lower by 0.2 and 0.36, respectively) compared to the AL:PE training set. The better performance of the POL_SLOV training set is particularly visible in the case of Przedni Staw Polski where the curve of the inferred water pH shows an opposite trend for the period from the 1960s to 1990 compared to that based on the AL:PE dataset. The reliability of the inferred pH was confirmed by the comparison with current instrumental measurements.

scholarly journals DTM-based analysis of the spatial distribution of topolineaments

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1185-1199
Author(s):  
Mirosław Kamiński
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Tectonic Structures ◽  
Empirical Bayesian ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
Empirical Bayesian Kriging ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Airborne Laser

AbstractThe research area is located on the boundary between two Paleozoic structural units: the Radom–Kraśnik Block and the Mazovian–Lublin Basin in the southeastern Poland. The tectonic structures are separated by the Ursynów–Kazimierz Dolny fault zone. The digital terrain model obtained by the ALS (Airborne Laser Scanning) method was used. Classification and filtration of an elevation point cloud were performed. Then, from the elevation points representing only surfaces, a digital terrain model was generated. The model was used to visually interpret the course of topolineaments and their automatic extraction from DTM. Two topolineament systems, trending NE–SW and NW–SE, were interpreted. Using the kernel density algorithm, topolineament density models were generated. Using the Empirical Bayesian Kriging, a thickness model of quaternary deposits was generated. A relationship was observed between the course of topolineaments and the distribution and thickness of Quaternary formations. The topolineaments were compared with fault directions marked on tectonic maps of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. Data validation showed consistency between topolineaments and tectonic faults. The obtained results are encouraging for further research.

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