scholarly journals Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Regulation of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 Production by Staphylococcus aureus MN8

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1797-1803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy M. Yarwood ◽  
Patrick M. Schlievert
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Batch Cultures ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

The production of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) byStaphylococcus aureus MN8 exposed to a range of oxygen concentrations (0 to 21% [vol/vol]) was examined in batch and thin-film cultures. The response of S. aureus to this range of oxygen concentrations was studied in the absence and in the presence of 7% (vol/vol) carbon dioxide. In the absence of carbon dioxide, TSST-1 production in batch cultures increased from negligible levels in the presence of oxygen concentrations of 1% or less to 500 ng/ml in the presence of 2% oxygen and then decreased to 70 ng/ml or less in the presence of oxygen concentrations of 6% and higher. In the presence of carbon dioxide, however, toxin production increased from negligible levels in the presence of 1% oxygen to 1,900 ng/ml in the presence of 21% oxygen. In thin-film cultures, TSST-1 production increased from nearly undetectable levels under anaerobic conditions to 1 and 10 μg/ml under 21% oxygen in the absence and presence of carbon dioxide, respectively. This study demonstrates the controlling effects of both oxygen and carbon dioxide on TSST-1 production.

scholarly journals Impact of Currently Marketed Tampons and Menstrual Cups onStaphylococcus aureusGrowth and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 ProductionIn Vitro

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. e00351-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Nonfoux ◽  
Myriam Chiaruzzi ◽  
Cédric Badiou ◽  
Jessica Baude ◽  
Anne Tristan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Simple Protocol ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTFifteen currently marketed intravaginal protection products (11 types of tampon and 4 types of menstrual cup) were tested by the modified tampon sac method to determine their effect onStaphylococcus aureusgrowth and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) production. Most tampons reducedS. aureusgrowth and TSST-1 production, with differences based on brand and composition, and the level ofS. aureusgrowth was higher in destructured than in unaltered tampons. We observed higher levels ofS. aureusgrowth and toxin production in menstrual cups than in tampons, potentially due to the additional air introduced into the bag by cups, with differences based on cup composition and size.IMPORTANCEMenstrual toxic shock syndrome is a rare but severe disease. It occurs in healthy women vaginally colonized byStaphylococcus aureusproducing toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 using intravaginal protection, such as tampons or menstrual cups. Intravaginal protection induces TSS by the collection of catamenial products, which act as a growth medium forS. aureus. Previous studies evaluated the impact of tampon composition onS. aureusproducing toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, but they are not recent and did not include menstrual cups. This study demonstrates that highly reproducible results forS. aureusgrowth and TSST-1 production can be obtained by using a simple protocol that reproduces the physiological conditions of tampon and cup usage as closely as possible, providing recommendations for tampon or cup use to both manufacturers and consumers. Notably, our results do not show that menstrual cups are safer than tampons and suggest that they require similar precautions.

scholarly journals Influence of the Vaginal Microbiota on Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 Production by Staphylococcus aureus

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1835-1842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick A. MacPhee ◽  
Wayne L. Miller ◽  
Gregory B. Gloor ◽  
John K. McCormick ◽  
Jo-Anne Hammond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Aerobic Vaginitis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

ABSTRACTMenstrual toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a serious illness that afflicts women of premenopausal age worldwide and arises from vaginal infection byStaphylococcus aureusand concurrent production of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). Studies have illustrated the capacity of lactobacilli to reduceS. aureusvirulence, including the capacity to suppress TSST-1. We hypothesized that an aberrant microbiota characteristic of pathogenic bacteria would induce the increased production of TSST-1 and that this might represent a risk factor for the development of TSS. AS. aureusTSST-1 reporter strain was grown in the presence of vaginal swab contents collected from women with a clinically healthy vaginal status, women with an intermediate status, and those diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (BV). Bacterial supernatant challenge assays were also performed to test the effects of aerobic vaginitis (AV)-associated pathogens toward TSST-1 production. While clinical samples from healthy and BV women suppressed toxin production,in vitrostudies demonstrated thatStreptococcus agalactiaeandEnterococcusspp. significantly induced TSST-1 production, while someLactobacillusspp. suppressed it. The findings suggest that women colonized byS. aureusand with AV, but not BV, may be more susceptible to menstrual TSS and would most benefit from prophylactic treatment.

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