Characterization of a Cholera Toxin Gene-Negative Clinical Strain of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal

Pathogenic strains of Vibrio cholerae O139 possess the cholera toxin A subunit (ctxA) gene as well as the gene for toxin co-regulated pili (tcpA). We report the isolation of a ctxA-negative, tcpA-negative V. cholerae O139 strain (INDRE1) from a patient in Mexico diagnosed with gastrointestinal illness. Certain phenotypic characteristics of this strain were identical to those of V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor. Unlike ctxA-positive V. cholerae O139 strains, this strain was sensitive to a wide panel of antibiotics, including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, furazolidone, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and streptomycin, but was resistant to polymyxin B. Ribotype and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of INDRE1 differed from those of ctxA-positive V. cholerae O139 and other V. cholerae strains. Phenotypic characteristics of the Mexico strain were similar to those reported for V. cholerae O139 isolates from Argentina and Sri Lanka.Key words: Vibrio cholerae O139, cholera toxin, ctxA, tcpA.

Download Full-text

Enterotoxigenicity of Mature 45-Kilodalton and Processed 35-Kilodalton Forms of Hemagglutinin Protease Purified from a Cholera Toxin Gene-Negative Vibrio cholerae Non-O1, Non-O139 Strain

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.74.5.2937-2946.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 74 (5) ◽

pp. 2937-2946 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

A. Ghosh ◽

D. R. Saha ◽

K. M. Hoque ◽

M. Asakuna ◽

S. Yamasaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cholera Toxin ◽

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Hela Cells ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Ussing Chamber ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Toxin Gene ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

A Cell

ABSTRACT Cholera toxin gene-negative Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strain PL-21 is the etiologic agent of cholera-like syndrome. Hemagglutinin protease (HAP) is one of the major secretory proteins of PL-21. The mature 45-kDa and processed 35-kDa forms of HAP were purified in the presence and absence of EDTA from culture supernatants of PL-21. Enterotoxigenicities of both forms of HAP were tested in rabbit ileal loop (RIL), Ussing chamber, and tissue culture assays. The 35-kDa HAP showed hemorrhagic fluid response in a dose-dependent manner in the RIL assay. Histopathological examination of 20 μg of purified protease-treated rabbit ileum showed the presence of erythrocytes and neutrophils in the upper part of the villous lamina propria. Treatment with 40 μg of protease resulted in gross damage of the villous epithelium with inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis. The 35-kDa form of HAP, when added to the lumenal surface of rat ileum loaded in an Ussing chamber, showed a decrease in the intestinal short-circuit current and a cell rounding effect on HeLa cells. The mature 45-kDa form of HAP showed an increase in intestinal short-circuit current in an Ussing chamber and a cell distending effect on HeLa cells. These results show that HAP may play a role in the pathogenesis of PL-21.

Download Full-text

Immunobiological relationships of the enterotoxins produced by cholera toxin gene-positive (CT+) and -negative (CT-) strains of Vibrio cholerae O1

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/00222615-32-1-33 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 33-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. SAHA ◽

S. C. SANYAL

Keyword(s):

Cholera Toxin ◽

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Toxin Gene ◽

Vibrio Cholerae O1

Download Full-text

Characterization of a Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O139 Strain Belonging to a New Ribotype and Isolated from a Diarrheal Patient

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.40.12.4779-4781.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 40 (12) ◽

pp. 4779-4781 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

R. Bhanumathi ◽

F. Sabeena ◽

S. R. Isac ◽

G. Radhakutty ◽

D. V. Singh

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Vibrio Cholerae O139 ◽

Diarrheal Patient

Download Full-text

Characterization of phage φ O139, a Vibrio cholerae O139 temperate bacteriophage with cohesive DNA termini

FEMS Microbiology Letters ◽

10.1016/0378-1097(95)00237-y ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 131 (1) ◽

pp. 69-74

Author(s):

S Pajni

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Temperate Bacteriophage ◽

Vibrio Cholerae O139

Download Full-text

Conservation of cholera toxin gene in a strain of cholera toxin non-producing Vibrio cholerae O1

FEMS Microbiology Letters ◽

10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb12631.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 154 (1) ◽

pp. 111-116

Author(s):

Yasuko Honma ◽

Masaaki Iwanaga

Keyword(s):

Cholera Toxin ◽

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Toxin Gene ◽

Vibrio Cholerae O1

Download Full-text

Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal Isolated from Water and the Aquatic Plant Eichhornia crassipes in the River Ganga, Varanasi, India

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.69.4.2389-2394.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 2389-2394 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

R. Bhanumathi ◽

F. Sabeena ◽

Sree Renjini Isac ◽

B. N. Shukla ◽

D. V. Singh

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Eichhornia Crassipes ◽

Aquatic Plant ◽

Consensus Sequence ◽

Fingerprint Analysis ◽

Hand Pump ◽

Colonization Factor ◽

Vibrio Cholerae O139 ◽

River Ganga

ABSTRACT A collection of ten strains of Vibrio cholerae O139, comprising six isolates from Eichhornia crassipes, two from water of the River Ganga, and one each from a well and a hand pump, were characterized. All the strains carried the CTX genetic element (ctxA, zot, and ace) except for the st gene and carried structural and regulatory genes for toxin-coregulated pilus (tcpA, tcpI, and toxR), adherence factor (ompU), and accessory colonization factor (acfB); all produced cholera toxin (CT). These strains were resistant to trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, and to the vibriostatic agent pteridine. Results obtained by ribotyping and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-PCR fingerprint analysis indicate that multiple clones of toxigenic-pathogenic V. cholerae O139 were present in the aquatic environment.

Download Full-text

Resurgent Vibrio cholerae O139: Rearrangement of Cholera Toxin Genetic Elements and Amplification ofrrn Operon

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.67.1.148-154.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 148-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Gopal Khetawat ◽

Rupak K. Bhadra ◽

Suvobroto Nandi ◽

Jyotirmoy Das

Keyword(s):

Cholera Toxin ◽

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Indian Subcontinent ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Direct Repeat ◽

Phenotypic Traits ◽

Genetic Elements ◽

Restriction Sites ◽

Vibrio Cholerae O139 ◽

El Tor

ABSTRACT The unprecedented genesis of a novel non-O1 Vibrio cholerae strain belonging to serogroup O139, which caused an epidemic in late 1992 in the Indian subcontinent, and its subsequent displacement by El Tor O1 vibrios after 18 months initiated a renewed investigation of the aspects of the organism that are related to pathogenesis. The reappearance of V. cholerae O139 with altered antibiotic sensitivity compared to O139 Bengal (O139B) in late 1996 has complicated the epidemiological scenario of V. cholerae and has necessitated an examination of possible rearrangements in the genome underlying such rapid changes in the phenotypic traits. With a view to investigating whether the phenotypic changes that have occurred are associated with alteration in the genome, the genome of the resurgent V. cholerae O139 (O139R) strains were examined. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of NotI- and SfiI-digested genomic DNA of O139R isolates showed restriction fragment length polymorphism including in the cholera toxin (CTX) genetic element locus and with O139B isolates. Analyses of the organization of the CTX genetic elements in O139R strains showed that in contrast to two copies of the elements connected by two direct-repeat sequences (RS) in most of the genomes of O139B isolates, the genomes of all O139R strains examined, except strain AS192, have three such elements connected by a single RS. While the RS present in the upstream of the CTX genetic elements in the genome of O139R is of O139B origin, the RS connecting the cores of the elements has several new restriction sites and has lost theBglII site which is supposed to be conserved in all O1 strains and O139B. The endonuclease I-CeuI, which has sites only in the rrn operons in the genomes of all organisms examined so far, has 10 sites in the genomes of O139R strains, compared to 9 in the genomes of O139B strains. The recent isolates of V. cholerae O139 have thus gained one rrn operon. This variation in the number of rrn operons within a serogroup has not been reported for any other organism. The results presented in this report suggest that like the pathogenic El Tor O1 strains, the genomes of O139 strains are undergoing rapid alterations.

Download Full-text