Hibernation Records on the Surface of Rodent Incisors: Intraspecific Variations and Interspecific Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1571-1586
Author(s):  
G. A. Klevezal ◽  
V. A. Lobkov ◽  
D. V. Shchepotkin
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Intraspecific Variations

scholarly journals Sphingomyelinase D Activity in Sicarius tropicus Venom: Toxic Potential and Clues to the Evolution of SMases D in the Sicariidae Family

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Priscila Hess Lopes ◽  
Caroline Sayuri Fukushima ◽  
Rosana Shoji ◽  
Rogério Bertani ◽  
Denise V. Tambourgi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Brazilian Species ◽  
Intraspecific Variations ◽  
Toxic Potential ◽  
Loxosceles Laeta

The spider family Sicariidae includes three genera, Hexophthalma, Sicarius and Loxosceles. The three genera share a common characteristic in their venoms: the presence of Sphingomyelinases D (SMase D). SMases D are considered the toxins that cause the main pathological effects of the Loxosceles venom, that is, those responsible for the development of loxoscelism. Some studies have shown that Sicarius spiders have less or undetectable SMase D activity in their venoms, when compared to Hexophthalma. In contrast, our group has shown that Sicarius ornatus, a Brazilian species, has active SMase D and toxic potential to envenomation. However, few species of Sicarius have been characterized for their toxic potential. In order to contribute to a better understanding about the toxicity of Sicarius venoms, the aim of this study was to characterize the toxic properties of male and female venoms from Sicarius tropicus and compare them with that from Loxosceles laeta, one of the most toxic Loxosceles venoms. We show here that S. tropicus venom presents active SMases D. However, regarding hemolysis development, it seems that these toxins in this species present different molecular mechanisms of action than that described for Loxosceles venoms, whereas it is similar to those present in bacteria containing SMase D. Besides, our results also suggest that, in addition to the interspecific differences, intraspecific variations in the venoms’ composition may play a role in the toxic potential of venoms from Sicarius species.

scholarly journals Metabolic Profiling of Rhizobacteria Serratia plymuthica and Bacillus subtilis Revealed Intra- and Interspecific Differences and Elicitation of Plipastatins and Short Peptides Due to Co-cultivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riya C. Menezes ◽  
Birgit Piechulla ◽  
Dörte Warber ◽  
Aleš Svatoš ◽  
Marco Kai
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Metabolic Profiling ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Metabolic Profiles ◽  
Serratia Plymuthica ◽  
Intraspecific Interaction ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Intraspecific Variations ◽  
Dynamic Communities

Rhizobacteria live in diverse and dynamic communities having a high impact on plant growth and development. Due to the complexity of the microbial communities and the difficult accessibility of the rhizosphere, investigations of interactive processes within this bacterial network are challenging. In order to better understand causal relationships between individual members of the microbial community of plants, we started to investigate the inter- and intraspecific interaction potential of three rhizobacteria, the S. plymuthica isolates 4Rx13 and AS9 and B. subtilis B2g, using high resolution mass spectrometry based metabolic profiling of structured, low-diversity model communities. We found that by metabolic profiling we are able to detect metabolite changes during cultivation of all three isolates. The metabolic profile of S. plymuthica 4Rx13 differs interspecifically to B. subtilis B2g and surprisingly intraspecifically to S. plymuthica AS9. Thereby, the release of different secondary metabolites represents one contributing factor of inter- and intraspecific variations in metabolite profiles. Interspecific co-cultivation of S. plymuthica 4Rx13 and B. subtilis B2g showed consistently distinct metabolic profiles compared to mono-cultivated species. Thereby, putative known and new variants of the plipastatin family are increased in the co-cultivation of S. plymuthica 4Rx13 and B. subtilis B2g. Interestingly, intraspecific co-cultivation of S. plymuthica 4Rx13 and S. plymuthica AS9 revealed a distinct interaction zone and showed distinct metabolic profiles compared to mono-cultures. Thereby, several putative short proline-containing peptides are increased in co-cultivation of S. plymuthica 4Rx13 with S. plymuthica AS9 compared to mono-cultivated strains. Our results demonstrate that the release of metabolites by rhizobacteria alters due to growth and induced by social interactions between single members of the microbial community. These results form a basis to elucidate the functional role of such interaction-triggered compounds in establishment and maintenance of microbial communities and can be applied under natural and more realistic conditions, since rhizobacteria also interact with the plant itself and many other members of plant and soil microbiota.

Long-term in vitro Storage Technique of Valuable Birch Genotypes and Plant Production on its Basis

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
T.M. Tabatskaya ◽  
N.I. Vnukova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Production ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Ex Vitro ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
In Vitro Storage ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
Growing Conditions

A technique for the long-term (up to 27 years) in vitro storage of valuable birch genotypes under normal (25 °C, 2.0 klx, 16-h day and 8-h night) and low temperature (4 °C, 0.5 klx, 6-h day and 18-h night) growing conditions on hormone-free media has been described. The study explored for the first time the influence of different strategies to store the clones of Betula pubescens and B. pendula var. сarelica (6 genotypes) on the regenerative capacity of collection samples, adaptive potential of regenerated plants and plant production by the in vitro and ex vitro techniques. It was established that both storage strategies provided a persistently high survival rate (82-100%) and regenerative capacity of in vitro shoots (the multiplication coefficient of 4.2-6.3 and rhizogenic activity of 90-100%). The clones retained their characteristics of height growth under the in vitro and ex vitro conditions, and demonstrated intraclonal homogeneity and lack of signs of somaclonal variability. The plants showed substantial interspecific differences at the stage of multiplication and transfer to the greenhouse. The highest percentage of acclimated plants (75-98% depending on the clone genotype) was obtained after planting of micro plants straight in the greenhouse, which simplified the technology and made plant production less costly. long-term in vitro storage, birch, species, genotype, micropropagation, ex vitro adaptation, plant material

scholarly journals Complete Chloroplast Genome of Japanese Larch (Larix kaempferi): Insights into Intraspecific Variation with an Isolated Northern Limit Population

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Shufen Chen ◽  
Wataru Ishizuka ◽  
Toshihiko Hara ◽  
Susumu Goto
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Genome ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Japanese Larch ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Larix Kaempferi ◽  
Northern Limit ◽  
Complete Chloroplast Genome ◽  
Intraspecific Variations ◽  
Cpdna Markers

Research Highlights: The complete chloroplast genome for eight individuals of Japanese larch, including from the isolated population at the northern limit of the range (Manokami larch), revealed that Japanese larch forms a monophyletic group, within which Manokami larch can be phylogenetically placed in Japanese larch. We detected intraspecific variation for possible candidate cpDNA markers in Japanese larch. Background and Objectives: The natural distribution of Japanese larch is limited to the mountainous range in the central part of Honshu Island, Japan, with an isolated northern limit population (Manokami larch). In this study, we determined the phylogenetic position of Manokami larch within Japanese larch, characterized the chloroplast genome of Japanese larch, detected intraspecific variation, and determined candidate cpDNA markers. Materials and Methods: The complete genome sequence was determined for eight individuals, including Manokami larch, in this study. The genetic position of the northern limit population was evaluated using phylogenetic analysis. The chloroplast genome of Japanese larch was characterized by comparison with eight individuals. Furthermore, intraspecific variations were extracted to find candidate cpDNA markers. Results: The phylogenetic tree showed that Japanese larch forms a monophyletic group, within which Manokami larch can be phylogenetically placed, based on the complete chloroplast genome, with a bootstrap value of 100%. The value of nucleotide diversity (π) was calculated at 0.00004, based on SNP sites for Japanese larch, suggesting that sequences had low variation. However, we found three hyper-polymorphic regions within the cpDNA. Finally, we detected 31 intraspecific variations, including 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms, 8 simple sequence repeats, and 4 insertions or deletions. Conclusions: Using a distant genotype in a northern limit population (Manokami larch), we detected sufficient intraspecific variation for the possible candidates of cpDNA markers in Japanese larch.

Altitudinal and Interspecific Differences in the Rehydration Abilities of Puerto Rican Frogs (Eleutherodactylus)

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrica Van Berkum ◽  
F. Harvey Pough ◽  
Margaret M. Stewart ◽  
Peter F. Brussard
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Interspecific Differences

scholarly journals Selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially functions as an alternative reproductive isolation among five Arisaema species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya K Matsumoto ◽  
Muneto Hirobe ◽  
Masahiro Sueyoshi ◽  
Yuko Miyazaki
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Altitudinal Gradient ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Altitudinal Distribution ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Flower Visitation ◽  
Fungus Gnats ◽  
Floral Visitor ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Experimental Plots

Abstract Background and Aims Interspecific difference in pollinators (pollinator isolation) is important for reproductive isolation in flowering plants. Species-specific pollination by fungus gnats has been discovered in several plant taxa, suggesting that they can contribute to reproductive isolation. Nevertheless, their contribution has not been studied in detail, partly because they are too small for field observations during flower visitation. To quantify their flower visitation, we used the genus Arisaema (Araceae) because the pitcher-like spathe of Arisaema can trap all floral visitors. Methods We evaluated floral visitor assemblage in an altitudinal gradient including five Arisaema species. We also examined interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution (geographic isolation) and flowering phenology (phenological isolation). To exclude the effect of interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution on floral visitor assemblage, we established 10 experimental plots including the five Arisaema species on high- and low-altitude areas and collected floral visitors. We also collected floral visitors in three additional sites. Finally, we estimated the strength and contribution of these three reproductive barriers using the unified formula for reproductive isolation. Key Results Each Arisaema species selectively attracted different fungus gnats in the altitudinal gradient, experimental plots, and additional sites. Altitudinal distribution and flowering phenology differed among the five Arisaema species, whereas the strength of geographic and phenological isolations were distinctly weaker than those in pollinator isolation. Nevertheless, the absolute contribution of pollinator isolation to total reproductive isolation was weaker than geographic and phenological isolations, because pollinator isolation functions after the two early-acting barriers in plant life history. Conclusions Our results suggest that selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially contributes to reproductive isolation. Since geographic and phenological isolations can be disrupted by habitat disturbance and interannual climate change, the strong and stable pollinator isolation might compensate for the weakened early-acting barriers as an alternative reproductive isolation among the five Arisaema species.

scholarly journals Bark traits, decomposition and flammability of Australian forest trees

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saskia Grootemaat ◽  
Ian J. Wright ◽  
Peter M. van Bodegom ◽  
Johannes H. C. Cornelissen ◽  
Veronica Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Forest Tree ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Eucalypt Plantations ◽  
Physical Traits ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
First Time ◽  
Different Tissues

Bark shedding is a remarkable feature of Australian trees, yet relatively little is known about interspecific differences in bark decomposability and flammability, or what chemical or physical traits drive variation in these properties. We measured the decomposition rate and flammability (ignitibility, sustainability and combustibility) of bark from 10 common forest tree species, and quantified correlations with potentially important traits. We compared our findings to those for leaf litter, asking whether the same traits drive flammability and decomposition in different tissues, and whether process rates are correlated across tissue types. Considerable variation in bark decomposability and flammability was found both within and across species. Bark decomposed more slowly than leaves, but in both tissues lignin concentration was a key driver. Bark took longer to ignite than leaves, and had longer mass-specific flame durations. Variation in flammability parameters was driven by different traits in the different tissues. Decomposability and flammability were each unrelated, when comparing between the different tissue types. For example, species with fast-decomposing leaves did not necessarily have fast-decomposing bark. For the first time, we show how patterns of variation in decomposability and flammability of bark diverge across multiple species. By taking species-specific bark traits into consideration there is potential to make better estimates of wildfire risks and carbon loss dynamics. This can lead to better informed management decisions for Australian forests, and eucalypt plantations, worldwide.

scholarly journals A Deadly Cargo: Gene Repertoire of Cytotoxic Effector Proteins in the Camelidae

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 304
Author(s):  
Ján Futas ◽  
Jan Oppelt ◽  
Pamela Anna Burger ◽  
Petr Horin
Keyword(s):  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Gene Repertoire ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Bactrian Camels ◽  
Pore Forming Proteins ◽  
Sequence Similarities ◽  
Cytotoxic Effector

Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells can kill target cells based on their expression and release of perforin, granulysin, and granzymes. Genes encoding these molecules have been only poorly annotated in camelids. Based on bioinformatic analyses of genomic resources, sequences corresponding to perforin, granulysin, and granzymes were identified in genomes of camelids and related ungulate species, and annotation of the corresponding genes was performed. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to study evolutionary relationships between the species analyzed. Re-sequencing of all genes in a panel of 10 dromedaries and 10 domestic Bactrian camels allowed analyzing their individual genetic polymorphisms. The data showed that all extant Old World camelids possess functional genes for two pore-forming proteins (PRF1, GNLY) and six granzymes (GZMA, GZMB, GZMH, GZMK, GZMM, and GZMO). All these genes were represented as single copies in the genome except the GZMH gene exhibiting interspecific differences in the number of loci. High protein sequence similarities with other camelid and ungulate species were observed for GZMK and GZMM. The protein variability in dromedaries and Bactrian camels was rather low, except for GNLY and chymotrypsin-like granzymes (GZMB, GZMH).

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