Trends in cigarette consumption and time to first cigarette on awakening from 2002 to 2015 in the USA: new insights into the ongoing tobacco epidemic

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee D Goodwin ◽  
Melanie M Wall ◽  
Misato Gbedemah ◽  
Mei-Chen Hu ◽  
Andrea H Weinberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Trend ◽  
Linear Time ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trend Analyses ◽  
Linear Time Trend ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic

ObjectiveThe current study estimates trends in the number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and percentage of smokers having their first CPD within 30 min of waking (time to first cigarette (TTFC)<30 min) among smokers from 2002 to 2015 in the USA overall, and adjusting for demographics. Trends in TTFC<30 min were also estimated by varying levels of cigarette consumption.MethodsData were drawn from the National Household Survey on Drug Use, an annual nationally representative cross-sectional study of the US population aged 12 and older (n=54 079–58 397 per year). Linear time trend analyses of CPD and TTFC<30 min were conducted adjusting for age, gender and income; linear time trend analyses of TTFC among those at varying levels of CPD were then performed.ResultsEstimates suggest that CPD declined overall from 2002 to 2015, and that the prevalence of TTFC<30 min declined overall among smokers (p<0.0001). The proportion of smokers consuming fewer (ie, 1–5, 6–15) CPD has increased while the number consuming 16+ CPD has decreased overall. Among those smoking 1–5 (p=0.0006) and 6–15 (p<0.0001) CPD, TTFC<30 min has increased significantly, but TTFC<30 min has remained unchanged among those smoking 16 or more CPD (p=0.5838).ConclusionsFindings suggest that smokers today are consuming fewer CPD, yet are increasingly likely to have their first cigarette earlier on awakening than they were a decade ago. Intervention and outreach efforts aimed at moving the prevalence lower may benefit from evaluating and addressing nicotine dependence even among lighter smokers.

scholarly journals Characteristics of those most vulnerable to employment changes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative cross-sectional study in Wales

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-216030
Author(s):  
Benjamin J Gray ◽  
Richard G Kyle ◽  
Jiao Song ◽  
Alisha R Davies
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThe public health response to the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a detrimental impact on employment and there are concerns the impact may be greatest among the most vulnerable. We examined the characteristics of those who experienced changes in employment status during the early months of the pandemic.MethodsData were collected from a cross-sectional, nationally representative household survey of the working age population (18–64 years) in Wales in May/June 2020 (n=1379). We looked at changes in employment and being placed on furlough since February 2020 across demographics, contract type, job skill level, health status and household factors. χ2 or Fisher’s exact test and multinomial logistic regression models examined associations between demographics, subgroups and employment outcomes.ResultsOf our respondents, 91.0% remained in the same job in May/June 2020 as they were in February 2020, 5.7% were now in a new job and 3.3% experienced unemployment. In addition, 24% of our respondents reported being placed on furlough. Non-permanent contract types, individuals who reported low mental well-being and household financial difficulties were all significant factors in experiencing unemployment. Being placed on ‘furlough’ was more likely in younger (18–29 years) and older (60–64 years) workers, those in lower skilled jobs and from households with less financial security.ConclusionA number of vulnerable population groups were observed to experience detrimental employment outcomes during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Targeted support is needed to mitigate against both the direct impacts on employment, and indirect impacts on financial insecurity and health.

scholarly journals Mask-wearing and control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the USA: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. e148-e157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Rader ◽  
Laura F White ◽  
Michael R Burns ◽  
Jack Chen ◽  
Joseph Brilliant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the ability of level 1 trauma centers to meet American College of Surgeons research requirements

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000692
Author(s):  
Robert M Madayag ◽  
Erica Sercy ◽  
Gina M Berg ◽  
Kaysie L Banton ◽  
Matthew Carrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Trauma Centers ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
American College Of Surgeons ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Virus Exposure ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Verification Process ◽  
Question Survey

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has had major effects on hospitals’ ability to perform scientific research while providing patient care and minimizing virus exposure and spread. Many non-COVID-19 research has been halted, and funding has been diverted to COVID-19 research and away from other areas.MethodsA 28-question survey was administered to all level 1 trauma centers in the USA that included questions about how the pandemic affected the trauma centers’ ability to fulfill the volume and research requirements of level 1 verification by the American College of Surgeons (ACS).ResultsThe survey had a 29% response rate (40/137 successful invitations). Over half of respondents (52%) reported reduced trauma admissions during the pandemic, and 7% reported that their admissions dropped below the volume required for level 1 verification. Many centers diverted resources from research during the pandemic (44%), halted ongoing consenting studies (33%), and had difficulty fulfilling research requirements because of competing clinical priorities (40%).DiscussionResults of this study show a need for flexibility in the ACS verification process during the COVID-19 pandemic, potentially including reduction of the required admissions and/or research publication volumes.Level of evidenceLevel IV, cross-sectional study.

Abstract P707: Trends, Predictors and Outcomes of Cerebrovascular Disease Amongst Patients With Thrombotic Microangiopathy

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyadarshee Patel ◽  
Urvish K Patel ◽  
Graca Vanessa ◽  
Abhinav Patel ◽  
Davis Chacko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thrombotic Microangiopathy ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Usa

Background: Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA) is a rare disorder affecting the coagulation system causing microangiopathic thrombus formation within various blood vessels including the cerebral arteries. It may be seen in association with thrombocytopenia, anemia, purpura and kidney failure as well as complications of various systemic viral illnesses. We sought to estimate the trends, predictors, and outcomes of CeVD in patients having ™ from a nationally representative database of the USA. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we identified hospitalization with TM using ICD-9/10-CM from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 2008-2017. Prevalence of CeVD was identified by validated ICD-9/10-CM codes. We utilized Cochran Armitage trend test and multivariable survey logistic regression models to analyze temporal trends, outcomes and predictors of any CeVD in TM patients. Results: Out of a total 58,850 hospitalizations among TMA patients, 4,668 (7.9%) developed CeVD. Prevalence of CeVD increased from 6.2% in 2008 to 8.2% in 2017 (pTrend<0.001). Patients who developed CeVD were older and more likely to be female. In multivariable regression analysis, increasing age (OR 1.2; 95%CI 1.1-1.2; p<0.0001); females (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.1-1.6;p<0.0004); African American (OR 1.4; 95%CI 1.2-1.7;p<0.001) and hypertension (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.1-1.6; p<0.0001). CeVD was also associated with higher length of stay (18 vs 12 days; p<0.001). Additionally, CeVD was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (aOR 2.1; 95%CI 1.7-2.5; p<0.001) and discharge to facility (aOR 3.0; 95%CI 2.4-3.5; p<0.001) after adjusting with confounders. Conclusion: We observed the mildly incremental prevalence of CeVD among TMA patients. We were able to identify the TMA patient population susceptible to CeVD, most commonly occurring in older, females and African Americans. CeVD was also associated with significantly poor outcomes in TM. These findings may pose similarities to other systemic viral illness-induced thrombotic microangiopathy such as COVID-19. Further studies are required to improve the outcomes of these susceptible patient populations.

scholarly journals Childhood malnutrition is associated with maternal care during pregnancy and childbirth: a cross-sectional study in Bauchi and Cross River States, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Candyce Hamel ◽  
Joseph Enne ◽  
Khalid Omer ◽  
Ndem Ayara ◽  
Yahaya Yarima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Childhood Malnutrition ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Childhood Morbidity ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Potential Link

<em>Background</em>. Malnutrition remains an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality; the levels of childhood malnutrition in Nigeria are among the highest in the world. The literature supports many direct and indirect causes of malnutrition, but few studies have examined the link between maternal care during pregnancy and childbirth and childhood malnutrition. This study examines this potential link in Bauchi and Cross River states in Nigeria. <br /><em>Design and methods.</em> In 2011, a household survey collected information about children under four years old and their mothers’ last pregnancy. Trained fieldworkers measured mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of children aged 6-47 months. We examined associations with childhood malnutrition in bivariate and multivariate analysis. <br /><em>Results</em>. Some 4.4% of 3643 children in Cross River, and 14.7% of 2706 in Bauchi were malnourished (MUAC z-score). In both states, a child whose mother had fewer than four government antenatal care visits was more likely to be malnourished (Cross River: OR 1.85, 95%CIca 1.33-2.55; Bauchi: OR 1.29, 95%CIca 1.02-1.63). In Bauchi, a child whose mother who rarely or never discussed pregnancy and childbirth with her husband (OR 1.34, 95%CIca 1.07-1.68), and who did not have her last delivery attended by a skilled health worker was more likely to be malnourished (OR 1.50, 95%CIca 1.09-2.07). <br /><em>Conclusions</em>. These findings, if confirmed in other studies, suggest that poor care of women in pregnancy and childbirth could pose a longer term risk to the health of the child, as well as increasing immediate risks for both mother and child.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Factors Influencing Elderly Abuse: A Descriptive Study of Jureli Village, Bakaiya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-49
Author(s):  
Keshab Prasad Timalsina
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Elderly Abuse ◽  
Policies And Programs

The elderly abuse in a family is one of the most challenging problems in a society. The present study aims to assess the prevalence of elderly abuse in the family environment of JureliTole of Bakaiya Rural Municipality. The study also presents various risk factors that influence the prevalence of Elderly abuse. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 103 elders taken from household survey by using census method. The data were collected through a face-to-face structured interview schedule. The descriptive and regression analysis of the collected data showed that the prevalence of elderly abuse was 46.6% in the study population. This study measured significant association (p<0.05) of overall abuse against the elder with only two socio-demographic variables (literacy status and health status) among the variables (gender, age groups, living with or without spouse, literacy status, health status, dependency status, and income level). The results showed that the elders with/without spouse had the highest odds ratio to be abused (2.19 times) followed by gender (1.64 times), and health status (1.25 times). Although this study found lower prevalence than many previous studies, it is still significant and needs to be prevented. Based on the study, it can be said that living without a spouse, with poor health, and being female are the major predictive descriptors for elderly abuse.The policies and programs are needed for the prevention of elderly abuse which may require collective action from social, health and justice sectors. 

scholarly journals Lama Merokok dan Jumlah Konsumsi Rokok terhadap Trombosit pada Laki-laki Perokok Aktif

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Rini Sundari ◽  
Dinyar Supiadi Widjaya ◽  
Aditya Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Large Cell ◽  
Cardiovascular Disorder ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
Garment Factory ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho

Jumlah perokok dan jumlah rokok yang dikonsumsi mengalami peningkatan dari waktu ke waktu. Rokok dapat memengaruhi trombosit yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan kardiovaskular. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis lama merokok dan jumlah rokok yang dikonsumsi terhadap jumlah trombosit, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet crit (PCT), dan platelet large cell ratio (PLCR). Penelitian dilakukan di Pabrik Garmen Cimahi pada tahun 2014 yang diikuti oleh 31 laki-laki perokok aktif berusia 19 - 50 (32,97 + 10,28) tahun, 70,9% di antaranya sebagai perokok sedang. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif, uji normalitas Shapiro-Wilk, dan uji korelasi Spearman’s rho. Peserta telah merokok selama minimal dan maksimal dengan rata-rata (+ SB), yaitu 3 - 25 tahun (10,48 + 6,33) dan konsumsi rokok sebanyak 5 - 25 batang per hari (13,10 + 4,99). Jumlah trombosit 171 - 422 (280,9 + 56,2) x 10^3 sel/mm3, MPV 8,8 - 13,6 (10,14 + 0,93) fL, PDW 8,7 - 13,8 (10,27 + 1,22) fL, PLCR 14,4 - 38,8% (24,91 + 5,46), dan PCT 0,1 - 0,4%(0,28 + 0,06). Sebaran ukuran trombosit ditemukan normal, namun dengan ukuran besar sesuai nilai MPV dan PLCR yang tinggi. PCT normal berkorelasi sangat kuat dengan jumlah trombosit. Jumlah batang rokok yang dikonsumsi berkorelasi lemah dengan lamanya merokok. Lama merokok dan jumlah rokok yang dikonsumsi berkorelasi negatif dengan jumlah trombosit, MPV, PDW maupun PLCR.Smoking Period and Number of Cigarette Consumption with Thrombocyte among Active Male SmokersNumber of smokers and cigarette consumption are increasing from time to time. Cigarettes influence thrombocytes which may cause cardiovascular disorder. This study was a cross sectional study aiming to analyze smoking period and cigarette consumption number toward the number of thrombocytes, MPV, PDW, PCT and PLCR. This study was conducted at Cimahi Garment Factory in 2014 participated by 31 active male smokers in age of 19 - 50 (32,97+10,28) years old in which 70,9% of them were medium smokers. Data analysis was conducted descriptively, using Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Spearman’s rho correlation test. Participants had been smoking for the minimum and maximum 3 - 25 (10.48 + 6.33) years and 5 - 25 (13.10 + 4.99) cigarettes in average per day. The number of thrombocytes was worth 171 - 422 (280,9 + 56,2)x10^3 cells/mm3, MPV 8.8 - 13.6 (10.14 + 0.93) fL, PDW 8.7 - 13.8 (10.27+ 1.22) fL, PLCR 14.4 - 38.8% (24.91 + 5.46) and PCT 0.1 - 0.4% (0.28 + 0.06). PDW was found normal with the giant shape in accordance with the high MPV and PLCR value. PCT was normal correlated strongly with thrombocyte number. The cigarette consumption number had a weak correlation with the smoking period. The smoking period and the cigarette consumption number had a negative correlation with the number of thrombocytes, MPV, PDW and PLCR.

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