scholarly journals The association of waterpipe tobacco smoking with later initiation of cigarette smoking: a systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the gateway theory

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2018-054870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Al Oweini ◽  
Mohammed Jawad ◽  
Elie A Akl
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Current Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Gateway Theory ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking

IntroductionThere is a concern that waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) can lead to the later initiation of cigarette smoking, a concept referred to as the ‘gateway theory’. The objective of the study was to systematically review the literature for the association of WTS with later initiation of cigarette smoking.MethodsWe searched Medline, Embase and ISI Web of Science in April 2018 without using any language or date restrictions. We selected eligible studies, abstracted data and assessed the risk of bias using a duplicate and independent approach. We meta-analysed the ORs across eligible studies using the inverse variance method and the random-effects model. We assessed the certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology.ResultsWe included eight papers reporting on six eligible prospective cohort studies with a total of 21 224 participants, belonging to the adolescent and young adult age categories. The pooled adjusted OR for the association between ever waterpipe user (compared with never waterpipe user) at baseline, with ‘cigarette smoking initiation’ (ever cigarette use) was 2.54 (95% CI 1.60 to 4.02) at 6 months to 3 years follow-up (moderate certainty evidence). The pooled adjusted OR for the association between ever waterpipe user (compared with never waterpipe user) at baseline, with ‘current cigarette smoking’ (past 30-day cigarette use) was 2.04 (95% CI 1.32 to 3.15) at 1–2 years follow-up (moderate certainty evidence). The pooled adjusted OR for the association between past 30-day waterpipe user (compared with never waterpipe user) at baseline, with current cigarette smoking (past 30-day cigarette use) 2.46 (95% CI 1.73 to 3.49) at 6 months to 1 year follow-up (high certainty evidence).ConclusionOur findings indicate that WTS is associated with more than doubling of the odds of later initiation of cigarette smoking, supporting the gateway theory. Strengthening WTS policies is a priority and further research is needed on the development and evaluation of appropriate clinical and public health interventions.

scholarly journals Trends in youth e-cigarette and cigarette use between 2013 and 2019: insights from repeat cross-sectional data from the COMPASS study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam G. Cole ◽  
Sarah Aleyan ◽  
Kate Battista ◽  
Scott T. Leatherdale
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Current Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Canadian Youth ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Current Cigarette

Abstract Objectives E-cigarettes are an increasingly popular product among youth in Canada. However, there is a lack of long-term data presenting trends in use. As such, the objective of this study was to examine trends in e-cigarette and cigarette use across various demographic characteristics between 2013 and 2019 among a large sample of secondary school youth in Canada. Methods Using repeat cross-sectional data from a non-probability sample of students in grades 9 to 12, this study explored trends in the prevalence of ever and current e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking between 2013–2014 and 2018–2019 in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec. Trends in ever and current e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking were studied across demographic variables among students in Ontario. Results The prevalence of e-cigarette ever and current use was variable across province and increased over time, particularly between 2016–2017 and 2018–2019. In contrast, the prevalence of current cigarette smoking was relatively stable over the study period, decreasing significantly in Alberta and Ontario between 2017–2018 and 2018–2019. In Ontario, the prevalence of ever and current e-cigarette use increased among all grades, both genders, and all ethnicities. Conclusion Consistent with data from the United States, the prevalence of e-cigarette use among our large sample of Canadian youth has increased substantially in a short period of time. Surveillance systems should continue to monitor the prevalence of tobacco use among youth. Additional interventions may be necessary to curb e-cigarette use among Canadian youth.

Cigarette Smoking and Nicotine Dependence in Adolescence

2016 ◽  
pp. 112-130
Author(s):  
Mark G. Myers ◽  
Laura MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Adolescent Smoking ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Current Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
Current Knowledge Base

Despite declines in adolescent cigarette smoking prevalence, rates remain high, with approximately 11% of high school seniors reporting current cigarette smoking. Moreover, use of other tobacco products has soared, with prevalence of electronic cigarettes and little cigars exceeding that of cigarettes. The present chapter reviews patterns of adolescent cigarette use, other tobacco use, adolescent nicotine dependence, factors associated with the etiology of cigarette smoking, and smoking cessation. Despite decades of research on adolescent smoking cessation, the development and progression of nicotine dependence are just beginning to be understood. Similarly, little is known regarding adolescent smoking cessation. Significant progress has been made in addressing and preventing adolescent cigarette use. However, critical gaps exist in the current knowledge base that must be addressed in order to improve efforts at halting the progression of adolescent nicotine dependence and enhancing interventions for smoking cessation.

scholarly journals Examining The Relationship Between Smoking Cigarettes and Experiences of Sleep Disturbances

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis HAWKINS ◽  
Nasiru Gill ◽  
Victoria C. Taylor ◽  
Deirdre Thompson ◽  
Sonia Bell
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Adolescent And Young Adult ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Current Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Current Cigarette

Research has shown there is a relationship between adolescent and young adult cigarette smokers and experiences of sleep disturbances. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between cigarette smoking and sleep disturbances, such as bad dreams, sleeping restlessly or falling asleep during the day among adolescent and young adult smokers who are participants in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study. Participants were (N = 25,049) adolescents and early adulthood participants (Mean age = 15.83, SD = 4.53) who answered the questions for the variables in this study. Approximately 55% of the participants reported significant problems with sleep trouble, such as bad dreams, sleeping restlessly or falling asleep during the day in the past month (29.7%), two to twelve months (13.8%), and over a year ago (11.3%) (measured using the Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviews [ACASI]). Approximately 54% of the same participants reported smoking daily (39.6%) or some days (14.1%) (measured using ACASI). The specific methods used in this study was a correlational test of the variables predicted to be positively related. It was hypothesized that there is a positive link between one's cigarette smoking and having significant difficulty with sleeping, such as bad dreams, sleeping restlessly or falling asleep during the day. Consistent with the hypothesis, current cigarette smoking was statistically significantly related to having significant difficulty with sleeping, such as bad dreams, sleeping restlessly or falling asleep during the day, resulting with r = .073 (p < .01) at the 0.01 level (1-tailed). The R2 and adjusted R2 = .005, and the ANOVA table revealed there is a statistically significant linear relationship between current smoking of cigarettes and having sleep disturbances such as bad dreams, sleeping restlessly or falling asleep during the day. These results suggest that as one’s cigarette smoking increases their experience with sleep disturbance, such as bad dreams, sleeping restlessly or falling asleep during the day increases. These results support the rejection of the null hypothesis of there being no statistically significant relationship between current cigarette smoking and having sleep disturbances. There is a weak positive correlation between current cigarette smoking and having sleep disturbances. It is concluded that cigarette smoking among young adults is associated with experiences of sleep disturbances. Future research is needed to determine the complex relationship between smoking and sleep disturbances; there are several other factors that should be considered, such as genetic factors, race/ethnicity, lifestyle choices and SES.                          

Determinants of Incident Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Events Among Those With Absent Coronary Artery Calcium: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Al−Rifai ◽  
Michael J. Blaha ◽  
Vijay Nambi ◽  
Steven J.C. Shea ◽  
Erin D. Michos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Current Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
History Of

Background : The 2018 American Heart Association/ American College of Cardiology Multisociety (AHA/ACC/MS) cholesterol guideline states that statin therapy may be withheld or delayed among intermediate risk individuals in the absence of coronary artery calcium (CAC=0). We evaluated whether traditional cardiovascular risk factors are associated with incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events among individuals with CAC=0 over long−term follow−up. Methods : We included participants with CAC=0 at baseline from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a prospective cohort study of individuals free of clinical ASCVD at baseline. We used multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models to study the association between cardiovascular risk factors [cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, preventive medication use (aspirin and statin), family history of premature ASCVD, chronic kidney disease, waist circumference, lipid and inflammatory markers] and adjudicated incident ASCVD outcomes. Results : We studied 3,416 individuals (mean (SD) age 58 (9) years; 63% were female, 33% White, 31% Black, 12% Chinese-American, and 24% Hispanic. Over a median follow-up of 16 years, there were 189 ASCVD events (composite of CHD and stroke) of which 91 were CHD, 88 were stroke, and 10 were both CHD and stroke events. The unadjusted event rates of ASCVD were ≤5 per 1000−person−years among individuals with CAC=0 for most risk factors with the exception of current cigarette smoking (7.3), diabetes mellitus (8.9), hypertension (5.4), and chronic kidney disease (6.8). After multivariable-adjustment, risk factors that were significantly associated with ASCVD: hazard ratio (HR) 95% confidence interval (CI) included current cigarette smoking: 2.12 (1.32,3.42), diabetes mellitus: 1.68 (1.01,2.80), and hypertension: 1.57 (1.06,2.33). Conclusions : Current cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension are independently associated with incident ASCVD over 16-year follow-up among those with CAC=0. Family history of premature ASCVD may be associated with ASCVD risk among women only.

scholarly journals Exploring the gateway hypothesis of e-cigarettes and tobacco: a prospective replication study among adolescents in the Netherlands and Flanders

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056528
Author(s):  
Thomas Martinelli ◽  
Math J J M Candel ◽  
Hein de Vries ◽  
Reinskje Talhout ◽  
Vera Knapen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Never Smokers

BackgroundStudies demonstrated that adolescent e-cigarette use is associated with subsequent tobacco smoking, commonly referred to as the gateway effect. However, most studies only investigated gateways from e-cigarettes to tobacco smoking. This study replicates a cornerstone study revealing a positive association between both adolescent e-cigarette use and subsequent tobacco use; and tobacco and subsequent e-cigarette use in the Netherlands and Flanders.DesignThe longitudinal design included baseline (n=2839) and 6-month (n=1276) and 12-month (n=1025) follow-up surveys among a school-based cohort (mean age: 13.62). Ten high schools were recruited as a convenience sample. The analyses involved (1) associations of baseline e-cigarette use and subsequent tobacco smoking among never smokers; (2) associations of e-cigarette use frequency at baseline and tobacco smoking frequency at follow-up; and (3) the association of baseline tobacco smoking and subsequent e-cigarette use among non-users of e-cigarettes.FindingsConsistent with prior findings, baseline e-cigarette use was associated with higher odds of tobacco smoking at 6-month (OR=1.89; 95% CI 1.05 to 3.37) and 12-month (OR=5.63; 95% CI 3.04 to 10.42) follow-ups. More frequent use of e-cigarettes at baseline was associated with more frequent smoking at follow-ups. Baseline tobacco smoking was associated with subsequent e-cigarette use (OR=3.10; 95% CI 1.58 to 6.06 at both follow-ups).ConclusionOur study replicated the positive relation between e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking in both directions for adolescents. This may mean that the gateway works in two directions, that e-cigarette and tobacco use share common risk factors, or that both mechanisms apply.

scholarly journals Sex Difference in the Association between Electronic Cigarette Use and Subsequent Cigarette Smoking among U.S. Adolescents: Findings from the PATH Study Waves 1–4

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1695
Author(s):  
Zongshuan Duan ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Jidong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Estimation Equations ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Prospective Association

E-cigarettes are the most-used tobacco products among U.S. adolescents. Emerging evidence suggests that adolescents using e-cigarettes are at elevated risk for initiating cigarette smoking. However, whether this risk may differ by sex remains unknown. This study analyzed data from Wave 1 to 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey. Generalized estimation equations (GEE) were performed to estimate the associations between baseline e-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette smoking, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, mental health conditions, and other tobacco use. Effect modifications by sex were examined. Multivariate analyses showed that, among baseline never cigarette smokers, past-30-day e-cigarette use at baseline waves was significantly associated with past-30-day cigarette smoking at follow-up waves (aOR = 3.90, 95% CI: 2.51–6.08). This association was significantly stronger for boys (aOR = 6.17, 95% CI: 2.43–15.68) than for girls (aOR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.14–8.33). Additionally, using other tobacco products, older age, and having severe externalizing mental health problems at baseline were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of cigarette smoking at follow-up. The prospective association between e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking differs by sex among U.S. adolescents. Sex-specific tobacco control interventions may be warranted to curb the youth tobacco use epidemic.

Abstract P122: Racial/Ethnic Variation in Incidence and Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification: Implications for Understanding the Hispanic Paradox

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra S Albrecht ◽  
Pamela L Lutsey ◽  
Matthew Allison ◽  
Teresa Seeman ◽  
Martha L Daviglus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Hispanic Health ◽  
Current Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Current Cigarette ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

Background: Previous studies show that Hispanic persons have similar or lower levels of coronary artery calcium (CAC) and slower progression than non-Hispanic whites (NHW), even after adjustment for traditional risk factors. We examined whether this health advantage in CAC incidence and progression among Hispanic adults extends across all levels of risk factor (RF) burden, and whether associations vary by nativity (foreign-born, US-born) and by heritage group (Mexican, non-Mexican). Methods: We analyzed data on Hispanic and NHW participants aged 45-84 years from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Follow-up CAC measurements and complete covariate data were available for 3694 participants with an average of 6.6 years between the follow-up and baseline scans (2000-2002). Baseline measures of the following traditional RFs were considered: current cigarette smoking, high total cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, with RF burden scores ranging from 0-5. Outcomes were incident CAC (any follow-up CAC >0 Agatston units) among individuals without detectable CAC at baseline, and CAC progression (any positive increase in CAC) among all participants estimated using relative risk regression. All models were adjusted for age, sex, RF burden, race/ethnicity, education, income, and time between scans Results: Although a higher proportion of Hispanics had RF burden scores ≥3 compared to NHW (14.6% vs 8.9%, p<0.0001), Hispanics had a lower adjusted incidence (risk ratio (RR) = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.72-0.96) and less progression of CAC (RR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.86-0.95) than NHW. However, there was evidence of heterogeneity in this pattern. For example, among individuals with no detectable baseline CAC, a Hispanic health advantage was only seen among individuals with RF burden scores of 0 (RR=0.66, 95% CI: 0.48-0.91 for Hispanics vs. NHW at RF=0), with race/ethnic differences getting progressively smaller with increasing RF burden (for RF ≥3: RR=1.01, 95% CI: 0.69-1.48). Compared to NHW, lower adjusted incidence and progression of CAC was evident to an even greater extent among foreign-born Hispanics, but a health advantage was still present for US-born Hispanics, and for both Hispanic heritage groups. However, these patterns also only remained among individuals with lower RF burden scores. Conclusions: The Hispanic health advantage in CAC incidence and progression was primarily evident among individuals with fewer traditional risk factors for CVD, but was present among different Hispanics groups. Future research is necessary to identify the factors underlying this advantage, and the dynamics that erode it as RF burden increases.

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