SALMONELLA TYPHOSA Vi ANTIGEN AND ITS IMMUNIZING POTENTIAL

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 503-514
Author(s):  
N. N. Swabb ◽  
G. B. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Acid Extract ◽  
General Stability ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
High Level ◽  
Vi Antigen

A series of cultures of typhoid bacilli containing Vi antigen were much more virulent for mice than strains in which the Vi antigen was not present. Vaccines prepared from all the Vi strains tested produced a much higher level of active immunity than vaccines prepared from W types lacking the Vi antigen. Sera of rabbits immunized with vaccines made from Vi strains produced a much higher level of passive immunity in mice than sera of rabbits immunized with non-Vi strains. The Vi antigen contained in vaccines prepared from certain strains and, one in particular, proved to have a greater thermostability and greater general stability, as tested by storage, than the Vi antigen of other strains. An acid extract of a Vi strain produced a high level active immunity in mice.

scholarly journals The passage of antibodies from the maternal circulation into the embryo in rabbits

1948 ◽  
Vol 135 (880) ◽  
pp. 390-403 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Titre ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Foreign Proteins ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Rabbit Embryos

Active immunity to Brucella abortus was induced in adult female rabbits. They were mated a week after the last injection of antigen and were killed and the yolk-sac contents of the embryos tested for agglutinins 8½ days after copulation. Specific agglutinins were found to be present in the yolk-sac contents in all cases. The titre varied significantly from embryo to embryo in the same litter, and was in some as high as that in the maternal serum at the time of killing. Passive immunity to Br. abortus was imparted to female rabbits 7 to 9 days pregnant by intravenous injection of immune serum of high titre. The rabbits were killed and the yolk-sac fluid of the embryos tested for agglutinins 10 to 17 hr. after injection. Specific agglutinins were present in most of the embryos from five of the six rabbits injected before 8 days post-coitum. All the embryos in the sixth rabbit were regressing. Specific agglutinins were not found in any of the embryos from two rabbits injected after 9 days post-coitum, by which time the yolk-sac fluid has ceased to increase in volume. Positive results were obtained both when rabbit and bovine immune sera were used. Active immunity to Br. abortus was induced in pregnant rabbits by injections beginning after the 15th day post-coitum. The serum of the newborn young, removed from their immune mothers before they had suckled, was tested and specific agglutinins were found to be present with a titre corresponding to that of the maternal serum. It was concluded that agglutinins, whether actively or passively acquired, pass freely from the maternal circulation into the yolk-sacs of 7- and 8-day rabbit embryos. This constitutes a delicate test of the passage of protein without alteration through the yolk-sac wall. The yolk-sac wall does not appear to be selective, since it is at least as permeable to foreign proteins as it is to those of maternal origin. Agglutinins pass from the maternal circulation into the embryo after the disappearance of the bilaminar wall of the yolk-sac also, either by way of the yolk-sac splanchnopleur or the allantochorionic placenta or both. The bearing of these results on current theories of placental permeability are discussed.

scholarly journals Quality of colostral passive immunity and pattern of serum protein fluctuation in newborn calves

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Pauletti ◽  
Raul Machado Neto ◽  
Irineu Umberto Packer ◽  
Raul Dantas D'Arce ◽  
Rosana Bessi
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
High Level

Immunity acquired by newborn animals is known as passive immunity, and for ruminants, antibody acquisition depends on the ingestion and absorption of adequate amounts of immunoglobulins from colostrum. This study relates different initial levels of acquired passive protection and serum total protein (TP) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Serum immunoglobulin concentration and total protein were evaluated for female Holstein calves in the first sixty days of life. Animals were separated into three groups according to their initial level of passive immunity: group 1- animals with a low level of passive immunity (below 20 mg mL-1); group 2- animals with a medium level (between 20 and 30 mg mL-1), and group 3- animals with a high level (above 30 mg mL-1). Serum total protein was determined through the biuret method and IgG was determined by radial immunodiffusion. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized, split-plot statistical design. Fluctuation of the variables along the experimental period was determined through non-linear regression by the DUD method (PROC NLIN - Non Linear SAS). Animals with low antibody acquisition started to produce antibodies earlier, reflecting a compensatory synthesis. On the other hand, animals having adequate levels exhibited an extended period of immunoglobulin catabolism and the beginning of the endogenous phase was delayed. Regardless initial levels, the fluctuations in IgG contents occurred around adequate physiological concentrations, ranging from 20 to 25 mg mL-1.

The acquisition of IgG from colostrum by piglets

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 189-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Bland ◽  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
V. C. Bland ◽  
A.G. Sinclair ◽  
S. A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Piglet ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Adequate Intake ◽  
Large White ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Umbilical Catheters

An adequate intake of colostrum by the newborn piglet allows the piglet to acquire passive immunity and develop active immunity. Many studies have looked at the uptake of IgG by piglets in artificial situations rather than by natural suckling. Therefore we investigated the uptake of IgG by piglets whilst suckling naturally and estimated the time of gut closure.A total of 8 multiparous sows (Newsham - Large White x Landrace) were induced to farrow on day 114 of gestation. Colostrum/milk was sampled, using oxytocin where necessary, at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24h and 2, 5 and 7 days after farrowing. Female piglets (average 3 per litter) were fitted with umbilical catheters to allow blood sampling at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 48h; samples were taken at 5 and 7 days of age by venepuncture.

scholarly journals The Aronson Streptococcus

1935 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Blood Agar ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Robert Koch Institute ◽  
Round Shape ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Capsule Production ◽  
Peritoneal Washings ◽  
Homologous Antiserum ◽  
Horse Blood ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation

The characters of the Aronson Streptococcus from Prof. Neufeld's laboratory at the “Robert Koch” Institute in Berlin have been described. This coccus resembles the pneumococcus in many respects, viz. the appearance of the colonies on the surface of horse blood agar, its virulence and capsule production in mice and rabbits, the production of a specific precipitable substance in the peritoneal washings of infected mice, the formation of firm clumps and masses when mixed with homologous antiserum, the ease of production of active and passive immunity in mice and rabbits by intraperitoneal and intravenous inoculation, the alteration in the morphology of colonies, i.e. the appearance of R forms, associated with attenuation of virulence. It differs from the pneumococcus in the following features: the round shape of the cocci, bile-insolubility and the absence of autolysis in surface colonies, the beta haemolysis of deep colonies in horse blood agar, the production of a soluble haemolysin in broth cultures, the difficulty of producing active immunity in mice by the subcutaneous injection of heat-killed vaccines.I have obtained the Aronson Streptococcus (Neufeld type), which Lance-field places in a group containing chiefly streptococci of bovine origin, from human throats, but there was no evidence in any instance that it was producing disease, and it seems probable that it is not pathogenic for man.The results of my investigation of this strain are in agreement with those of Yoshioka (1923), Killian (1924) and Lancefield (1933, 1934).There are in existence other laboratory strains designated Aronson Streptococcus. These have been found to exhibit specific characters identifying them with the Str. pyogenes. It is proposed that the name Streptococcus Aronson should be confined to strains possessing the characters of Aronson N above described.

scholarly journals STUDIES UPON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN RABBITS

1913 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Kline ◽  
M. C. Winternitz
Keyword(s):  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Experimental Pneumonia ◽  
Active Immunity

1. Rabbits recovering from one attack of experimental pneumonia possess an active immunity. Such animals may subsequently withstand repeated increasing doses of pneumococci intratracheally. 2. Death may supervene after any one of subsequent injections, but it seems to depend partly upon the chronic changes in the cardiorespiratory apparatus. It may at least be said that it is usually unassociated with a septicemia which is an invariable accompaniment of fatal primary lobar pneumonia. 3. The serum from animals actively immunized by the repeated intratracheal inoculations with pneumococci may be used successfully to confer a passive immunity against the homologous organism.

scholarly journals Immunity of Guinea-pigs to Diphtheria Toxin and its Effect upon the Offspring

1911 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Südmersen ◽  
A. T. Glenny
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Lethal Doses

1. Diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixtures induce a higher immunity in guinea-pigs than sub-lethal doses of toxin; one injection of the mixture being sufficient to produce an immunity lasting in some cases for a period of over two years, as shown by the passive immunity conferred on the offspring.2. The highest immunity is produced by toxin-antitoxin mixtures containing the most uncombined toxoid.3. The active immunity of the mother is transferred passively to the offspring.4. The passive immunity thus transferred usually disappears at the end of two months after birth, and only in rare instances has been recongnised after three months.5. Immunity is mainly transmitted in utero, and only to a slight extent during lactation.6. Young bred from does that have been used for a single routine antitoxin test may be able to tolerate 14 times the does of diphtheria toxin fatal for a normal guinea-pig.

Immunological products and vaccines

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Meningococcal Vaccines ◽  
Active Immunity

This chapter describes the pharmacology of immunological products and vaccines as they apply to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of active immunity, passive immunity, specific vaccines and preparations (including BCG, diphtheria, Hib, hepatitis A and B, MMR, meningococcal vaccines, pertussis, poliomyelitis, rabies, and tetanus), and immunoglobulins. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.

scholarly journals VACCINE TREATMENT IN THE PREVENTION OF DYSENTERY IN INFANTS

1911 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Lucas ◽  
Harold L. Amoss
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Bacterial Vaccine ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Treatment ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Great Mortality

This investigation is very limited and the number of patients treated is few, yet the following conclusions may not be amiss:— 1. The vaccine in no instance did harm, and the reactions in the majority were very mild and of short duration. 2. Cases in which bacteriologically B. dysenteriæ were proved to be present, but in a clinically unrecognizable form, were not affected differently from those which were culturally negative. This may in part be due to the fact that this mode of vaccination produces an immediate passive immunity, while the bacterial vaccine is producing an active immunity. 3. The work is of interest and holds out a possible means of preventing the great mortality from infantile dysentery during the summer months.

Immunological products and vaccines

2011 ◽  
pp. 415-422
Author(s):  
Dr Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Aluminium Hydroxide ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Immune Mechanism ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Primary Series ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Adequate Antibody Response

9.1 Active immunity, 416 9.2 Passive immunity, 418 9.3 Specific vaccines and preparations, 418 9.4 Immunoglobulins (Ig), 421 Vaccines stimulate production of antibodies and other components of the immune mechanism. • Inactivated ▪ Heat/chemically inactivated virulent microorganism (virus or bacteria). ▪ May require a primary series of injections of vaccine to produce an adequate antibody response, and in most cases booster (reinforcing) injections are required; the duration of immunity varies from months to many years. Some inactivated vaccines are adsorbed onto an adjuvant (such as aluminium hydroxide) to enhance the antibody response....

Effects of sow, udder section and time on colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and piglet colostrum intake

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 158-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bland ◽  
J.A. Rooke
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Adequate Intake ◽  
Large White ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Elisa Technique ◽  
The Mean

An adequate intake of colostrum by the newborn piglet allows the piglet to acquire passive immunity and develop active immunity. However there is relatively little information on the composition of colostrum from sows of modern genotypes. The purpose of the study was therefore to investigate the changes in IgG concentration of colostrum and the uptake of colostrum by piglets.A total of 9 muciparous sows (Newsham - Large White x Landrace) were observed whilst farrowing naturally. Colostrum was sampled, without using oxytocin, at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 h post partum from the anterior, middle and rear thirds of the udder and frozen at -20 °C. Colostrum intake was measured as soon as piglets began to suckle after being born, by removing three piglets/sow from the sow and weighing the piglets before and after a period of suckling, the mean weight change over eight consecutive weighings (corrected for urinary losses) being taken as colostrum intake. Piglets were observed to determine on which udder section the piglet was suckling. IgG concentration was measured using an ELISA technique (Varley et al, 1985). Statistical analysis was carried out using analysis of variance.

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