Serum leptin is not correlated with body fat in severe food restriction

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1063-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Gairdner ◽  
Catherine E. Amara
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Ad Libitum

Leptin is an adipose-derived hormone with established roles in energy balance that can impact the response to refeeding after malnutrition. Although the amount of circulating leptin has traditionally been associated with the amount of adipose tissue, controversy exists as to whether this relationship is constant in both humans and animals and over a wide range of body composition. Our objective was to evaluate whether the leptin – body fat ratio is constant in the range of healthy to low body mass in female Wistar rats. Eight ad libitum fed (C) and eight food-restricted (FR) rats were compared over a period of four weeks. FR rats attained the target 75% of baseline body mass after the first two weeks, which was maintained for the remaining two weeks. Serum leptin and IGF-1 (ELISA) and body composition (DXA) were measured at baseline (t0) and once weekly for the remainder of the study (t1–t4). The leptin – body fat ratio was reduced during the two-week period of weight loss (t0 = 0.036 ± 0.016 (ng·mL–1)·g–1 vs. t1 = 0.010 ± 0.004 (ng·mL–1)·g–1 and t2 = 0.015 ± 0.007 (ng·mL–1)·g–1, p < 0.05). Leptin concentration plateaued at its nadir (~0.24 (ng·mL–1)·g–1) at fat mass < 22 g. IGF-1 was correlated with lean mass (r = 0.45, p < 0.05) and fat mass (r = 0.58, p < 0.05), regardless of body mass. We concluded that the leptin – body fat ratio was reduced early in food restriction and the correlation between these two variables was absent at low body fat.

scholarly journals Increases in Serum Leptin Levels during Peritoneal Dialysis Are Associated with Inflammation and a Decrease in Lean Body Mass

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1303-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER STENVINKEL ◽  
BENGT LINDHOLM ◽  
FREDRIK LÖNNQVIST ◽  
KRASSIMIR KATZARSKI ◽  
OLOF HEIMBÜRGER
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Uremic Patients

Abstract. Leptin, secreted from fat cells, functions as a lipostat mechanism through modulation of satiety signals. Markedly elevated leptin levels have been documented in uremic patients, especially in those who are treated by peritoneal dialysis (PD). However, the role of hyperleptinemia in uremic patients is not clear, and it is not known whether elevated leptin levels contribute to uremic anorexia and changes in body composition. In this prospective study, serum leptin, C-reactive protein (CRP), plasma insulin, and body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) were measured in 36 patients (53 ± 1 yr) close to start and after about 1 yr of PD. In addition, markers of dialysis adequacy and urea kinetics were followed during treatment with PD. During PD, the total body fat mass (20.5 ± 1.0 to 22.9 ± 1.3 kg ;P< 0.01), truncal fat mass (11.5 ± 0.7 to 13.2 ± 0.9 kg ;P< 0.001), and serum leptin levels (20.1 ± 3.8 to 35.6 ± 6.8 ng/ml ;P< 0.01) increased markedly, especially in patients with diabetes mellitus. Twenty-five PD patients that lost lean body mass during PD had significantly (P< 0.05) elevated initial CRP levels (14 ± 2 mg/L) compared to 11 patients (<10 mg/L) who gained lean body mass during PD. A significant increase in serum leptin levels (20.9 ± 4.2 to 42.7 ± 4.0 ng/ml ;P< 0.001) was observed in those patients who lost lean body mass, whereas no such change (18.4 ± 8.4 to 19.2 ± 6.4 ng/ml) was observed in the patients that gained lean body mass during PD treatment. The present longitudinal results demonstrate that serum leptin level and body fat content increase markedly during PD, especially in diabetic patients. Patients that lost lean body mass during PD had higher initial CRP levels and increased their serum leptin levels significantly during PD compared to those patients that gained lean body mass. Additional studies are therefore needed to elucidate the role of hyperleptinemia and inflammation in causing anorexia, protein-malnutrition, and changes in body composition during treatment with PD.

Comparison of the Effect of Soy protein and Whey protein on Body Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Masoome Piri Damaghi ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
Sajjad Moradi ◽  
Elnaz Daneshzad ◽  
Atefeh Tavakoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage

Abstract Background: Essential amino acids (EAAs) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of EAA can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soy and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Thus, we sought to perform a meta-analysis of published Randomized Clinical Trials that examined the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage) in adults. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, up to August 2020, for all relevant published articles assessing soy protein supplementation and whey protein supplementation on body composition parameters. We included all Randomized Clinical Trials that investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition in adults. Pooled means and standard deviations (SD) were calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup analysis was applied to discern possible sources of heterogeneity. Results: After excluding non-relevant articles, 10 studies, with 596 participants, remained in this study. We found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation weighted mean difference (WMD: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.15, 1.67. P= 0.019). Subgroup analysis, for whey protein, indicated that there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals concomitant to exercise (WMD: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.47, 2.00; P= 0.001). There was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who received 12 or less weeks of whey protein (WMD: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.63; P<0.0001). We observed no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. We found no significant change between soy protein supplementation and lean body mass, body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. Subgroup analysis for soy protein indicated there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who supplemented for 12 or less weeks with soy protein (WMD: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.89; P< 0.0001). Conclusion: Whey protein supplementation significantly improved body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass, and body fat percentage.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Sport-Position in NCAA Division I Basketball Athletes

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fields ◽  
Justin Merrigan ◽  
Jason White ◽  
Margaret Jones
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Within Subjects

The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition of male and female basketball athletes (n = 323) across season, year, and sport-position using air displacement plethysmography. An independent sample t-test assessed sport-position differences. An analysis of variance was used to assess within-subjects across season (pre-season, in-season, and off-season), and academic year (freshman, sophomore, and junior). For both men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes, guards had the lowest body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, and body mass. No seasonal differences were observed in MBB, but following in-season play for WBB, a reduction of (p = 0.03) in fat free mass (FFM) was observed. Across years, MBB showed an increase in FFM from freshman to sophomore year, yet remained unchanged through junior year. For WBB across years, no differences occurred for body mass (BM), body fat (BF%), and fat mass (FM), yet FFM increased from sophomore to junior year (p = 0.009). Sport-position differences exist in MBB and WBB: Guards were found to be smaller and leaner than forwards. Due to the importance of body composition (BC) on athletic performance, along with seasonal and longitudinal shifts in BC, strength and conditioning practitioners should periodically assess athletes BC to ensure preservation of FFM. Training and nutrition programming can then be adjusted in response to changes in BC.

scholarly journals The influence of food restriction versus ad libitum feeding of chow and purified diets on variation in body weight, growth and physiology of female Wistar rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Moraal ◽  
P P A M Leenaars ◽  
H Arnts ◽  
K Smeets ◽  
B S Savenije ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Ad Libitum

Ad libitum (AL) supply of standard chow is the feeding method most often used for rodents in animal experiments. However, AL feeding is known to result in a shorter lifespan and decreased health as compared with restricted feeding. Restricted feeding and thus limiting calorie intake prevents many health problems, increases lifespan and can also increase group uniformity. All this leads to a reduced number of animals needed. So-called standard chows are known to be prone to variation in composition. Synthetic foods have a more standard composition, contributing to group uniformity which, like diet reduction, may decrease the number of animals necessary to obtain statistical significance. In this study, we compared the effects of AL versus restricted feeding (25% reduction in food intake) on standard chow versus synthetic food of three different suppliers on body weight (BW), growth, several blood parameters and organ weights in growing female Wistar rats over a period of 61 days. Diet restriction led to a decreased growth and significantly reduced variation in BW and growth as compared with AL feeding. AL feeding on synthetic diets caused a significantly higher BW gain than on chow diets. Due to experimental design, this same effect occurred on food restriction. Blood parameters and organ weights were affected neither by diet type nor by amount. Incidentally, variations were significantly reduced on food restriction versus AL, and on synthetic diets versus chow diets. This study demonstrates that food restriction versus AL feeding leads to a significantly reduced variation in BW and growth, thereby indicating the potential for reduction when applying this feeding schedule.

Exercise and body composition

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 994-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Ad Libitum

We assessed changes in body composition in 41 young adults who engaged in various exercise and/or training programs on ad libitum diets. Most of those who gained weight sustained an increase in lean body mass (LBM), and most of those who lost weight lost LBM as well as fat. The change in LBM was directly related to the change in weight, with a regression slope of 0.500. An analysis of published data confirms these findings and, in concert with our data, provides the additional information that the magnitude of the change in body composition in exercising individuals is influenced by body fat content, just as it is for nonexercising individuals.

scholarly journals Aerobic exercise-induced changes in body composition and blood lipids in young women

Medicina ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvydas Stasiulis ◽  
Asta Mockienė ◽  
Daiva Vizbaraitė ◽  
Pranas Mockus
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Cycling Training

The objective of the study was to assess changes in body composition, blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in 18–24-year-old women during the period of two-month aerobic cycling training. Material and methods. Young, healthy, nonsmoking women (n=19) volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided in two groups: experimental (E, n=10) and control (C, n=9). The subjects of group E exercised 3 times a week with intensity of the first ventilatory threshold and duration of 60 min. The group C did not exercise regularly over a two-month period of the experiment. The subjects of group E were tested before and after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of the experiment. The participants of group C were tested twice with an eight-week interval. Results. Body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, and triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration decreased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-ch) concentration increased after the 8-week training program in the experimental group (P<0.05). Blood total cholesterol (Tch) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-ch) concentrations did not change significantly. Body weight and body mass index started to decrease after 2 weeks of the experiment, but significant changes were observed only after 6 and 8 weeks. Body fat mass was significantly decreased after 2 and 8 weeks of aerobic training. A significant increase in HDL-ch concentration was observed after 4, 6, and 8 weeks. A significant decrease in TAG concentration was observed after 2-week training. No significant changes in all the parameters except TAG (it was slightly increased) were seen in the control group. Conclusions. The two-month aerobic cycling training (within VT1, 60-min duration, three times a week) may induce significant changes in the parameters of body composition – body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, and blood lipids – in young women. The following significant changes were observed: TAG level decreased after 2 weeks, body mass and body mass index decreased after 6 weeks, body fat mass decreased and HDL-ch level increased after 8 weeks. Peak oxygen uptake increased after 4 weeks.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Physical Fitness and Body Composition of 5—7 Year-Old Children of Several Kaunas Preschools and Interaction between those Indexes

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (73) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrija Čapkauskienė ◽  
Kristina Visagurskienė ◽  
Rima Bakienė ◽  
Irena Vitkienė ◽  
Daiva Vizbaraitė
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
General Physical

Childhood obesity is a key public health issue around the globe in developed and developing countries (Dugan, 2008). The recent worldwide increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity may be due in part to a decrease in children’s physical activity levels (Ball et al., 2001). It is necessary to develop early interventions to improve physical fitness in children and to prevent the increase of childhood obesity (Brunet et al., 2006). So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the body composition and physical fitness of children aged 5—7 years and to estimate the interaction between body composition components and physical fitness tests. Participants: 216 children participated in this study: 104 girls, mean age 5.90 ± 0.63 years and 112 boys — mean age 5.98 ± 0.50 years from Kaunas city (Lithuania) preschools. Methods: all the subjects have been measured for their height, body mass, waist circumference (WC) and skinfolds at 2 different places — triceps and subscapular. Body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat mass (BFM) were evaluated. All the participants did four physical fitness tests including speed shuttle run, 20 meters distance run, standing long jump and throwing 1 kg ball. General physical fitness level was evaluated based on B. Sekita (1988) methods. Results. Results showed that BMI did not significantly differ between boys and girls, and was evaluated as “optimal” for both groups. BFM was significantly higher in girls (p < 0.001), and WC did not differ between genders. But WC had a tendency to increase with age in both boys and girls. Strong relationship was observed between BMI and BFM (r = 0.660, r = 0.660 respectively; p < 0.01), and between BMI and WC (r = 0.703, r = 0.826 respectively; p < 0.01) for both boys and girls. The results of physical tests showed that boys did all the tests better than girls (p < 0.01). When we evaluated the general physical fitness of each child, the results indicated that their physical fitness waslow, evaluated as “good enough” for most boys and girls. General physical fitness of children negatively but slightly correlated with BFM (r = –0.201; p < 0.001), it indicated that higher BFM determined lower evaluation of general physical fitness.Conclusions. Optimal body weight, according to body mass index, percentage body fat mass and waist circumference, was established for the bigger part of children, aged 5—7 years old. This study shows that physical fitness of children was low — evaluated as “good enough” and negatively correlated with body fat mass, showing that high body fat mass negatively impacted physical fitness.Key words: body mass index, percentage body fat mass, waist circumference, physical fitness.

scholarly journals Body composition analysis in female ballet dancers

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 579-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan Mihajlovic ◽  
Sasa Mijatov ◽  
Biljana Srdic ◽  
Edita Stokic
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Ballet Dancers

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the nutritional status and body composition in female ballet dancers and a group of non-athletic female controls. Materials and methods The study group consisted of 30 female ballet dancers, aged 17.4?2.01, whereas the control group included 30 non-athletic female examinees, aged 18.00 years on average. Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated in all subjects. Body composition was estimated using the bioelectrical impedance method. Results Body composition analysis of ballet dancers revealed significantly lower values of body fat mass compared to the control group (18.85?4.50% vs. 23.41?4.34). Most examinees in both groups were of normal weight. 50% of ballet dancers and 23.33% of examinees in the control group were underweight, while overweight subjects were registered only in the control group. Most underweight ballet dancers had lower body fat mass, whereas majority of underweight examinees in the control group presented with normal body fat mass. Normal-weight obesity was established in 40.91% candidates in the control and 6.67% in the study group. Conclusion Ballet dancers had significantly lower values of body mass and BMI, compared to the study group. In order to prevent very serious complications caused by changes in size and proportion of some body compartments, it is necessary to carry out assessment of body composition more often in high-risk groups, such as the study group of ballet dancers.

scholarly journals Changes in body composition and leptin levels during growth hormone (GH) treatment in short children with various GH secretory capacities

1999 ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Matsuoka ◽  
H Fors ◽  
I Bosaeus ◽  
S Rosberg ◽  
K Albertsson-Wikland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Gh Treatment ◽  
Deconvolution Analysis ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Short Children ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to follow changes in body composition, estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in relation to changes in leptin during the first year of GH therapy in order to test the hypothesis that leptin is a metabolic signal involved in the regulation of GH secretion in children. DESIGN AND METHODS: In total, 33 prepubertal children were investigated. Their mean (S.D.) chronological age at the start of GH treatment was 11.5 (1.6) years, and their mean height was -2.33 (0.38) S.D. scores (SDS). GH was administered subcutaneously at a daily dose of 0.1 (n=26) or 0.2 (n=7) IU/kg body weight. Ten children were in the Swedish National Registry for children with GH deficiency, and twenty-three children were involved in trials of GH treatment for idiopathic short stature. Spontaneous 24-h GH secretion was studied in 32 of the children. In the 24-h GH profiles, the maximum level of GH was determined and the secretion rate estimated by deconvolution analysis (GHt). Serum leptin levels were measured at the start of GH treatment and after 10 and 30 days and 3, 6 and 12 months of treatment. Body composition measurements, by DXA, were performed at baseline and 12 months after the onset of GH treatment. RESULTS: After 12 months of GH treatment, mean height increased from -2.33 to -1.73 SDS and total body fat decreased significantly by 3.0 (3.3)%. Serum leptin levels were decreased significantly at all time points studied compared with baseline. There was a significant correlation between the change in total body fat and the change in serum leptin levels during the 12 months of GH treatment, whereas the leptin concentration per unit fat mass did not change. In a multiple stepwise linear regression analysis with 12 month change in leptin levels as the dependent variable, the percentage change in fat over 12 months, the baseline fat mass (%) of body mass and GHt accounted for 24.0%, 11.5% and 12.2% of the variability respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant correlations between changes in leptin and fat and endogenous GH secretion in short children with various GH secretory capacities. Leptin may be the messenger by which the adipose tissue affects hypothalamic regulation of GH secretion.

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