THE FERMENTATION OF D-ALLOSE AND D-GLUCOSE BY AEROBACTER AEROGENES

1955 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 473-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Altermatt ◽  
F. J. Simpson ◽  
A. C. Neish
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Hexose Monophosphate ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

Aerobacter aerogenes rapidly ferments D-allose-1-C14 and D-alIose-2-C14 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions to give products labelled in the same manner as those obtained from similar fermentations of D-glucose-1-C14 and D-glucose-2-C14. The lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and 2,3-butanediol obtained from the sugars labelled in carbon-1 contained C14 in the methyl groups. From the sugars labelled in carbon-2, A. aerogenes produced lactic acid, ethanol, and 2,3-butanediol labelled in the carbinol groups and acetic acid labelled in the carboxyl group. The results agree with the hypothesis that both sugars are fermented under anaerobic conditions by the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas route. This route is also of major importance under aerobic conditions where little sugar appears to be dissimilated via the hexose monophosphate shunt.

THE ANAEROBIC DISSIMILATION OF D-GLUCOSE-1-C14, D-ARABINOSE-1-C14, AND L-ARABINOSE-1-C14 BY AEROBACTER AEROGENES

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish ◽  
F. J. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Complete Conversion ◽  
Aerobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Ethanol Acetic Acid

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-arabinose-1-C14, and L-arabinose-1-C14 were dissimilated anaerobically by Aerobacter aerogenes. The major products (2,3-butanediol, ethanol, acetic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, and carbon dioxide) were isolated and the location of C14 determined. The products from glucose were all labeled, mainly in the methyl groups, in agreement with the hypothesis that they were derived from methyl-labeled pyruvate formed by the reactions of the classical Embden–Meyerhof scheme for glycolysis. The products from both pentoses appeared to have been formed from pyruvate labeled in both the methyl and carboxyl groups with twice as much C14 in the methyl group as in the carboxyl group. This result may be explained quantitatively by a hypothesis assuming complete conversion of pentose to triose via a heptulose.

THE ANAEROBIC DISSIMILATION OF D-GLUCOSE-1-C14, D-ARABINOSE-1-C14, AND L-ARABINOSE-1-C14 BY AEROBACTER AEROGENES

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish ◽  
F. J. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carboxyl Groups ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Complete Conversion ◽  
Aerobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Ethanol Acetic Acid

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-arabinose-1-C14, and L-arabinose-1-C14 were dissimilated anaerobically by Aerobacter aerogenes. The major products (2,3-butanediol, ethanol, acetic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, and carbon dioxide) were isolated and the location of C14 determined. The products from glucose were all labeled, mainly in the methyl groups, in agreement with the hypothesis that they were derived from methyl-labeled pyruvate formed by the reactions of the classical Embden–Meyerhof scheme for glycolysis. The products from both pentoses appeared to have been formed from pyruvate labeled in both the methyl and carboxyl groups with twice as much C14 in the methyl group as in the carboxyl group. This result may be explained quantitatively by a hypothesis assuming complete conversion of pentose to triose via a heptulose.

scholarly journals Influence of aerobic and anaerobic conditions on the growth and metabolism of selected strains of Lactobacillus plantarum

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Smetanková ◽  
Zuzana Hladíková ◽  
František Valach ◽  
Michaela Zimanová ◽  
Zlatica Kohajdová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Cell Yield ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Wild Strains ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

Abstract Three wild strains of Lactobacillus plantarum were investigated for their growth and ability to produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. They were tested at three different temperatures (30 °C, 37 °C and 45 °C). The growth of lactobacilli was studied by measuring optical density (OD) at λ = 600 nm and pH value at the following times. With increasing temperature difference of cell yield was observed. The final cell yield under aerobic conditions was higher. Organic acids and ethanol were analysed using an HPLC RID method. Formation of lactic acid (as the major metabolite) was the slowest during cultivation at 30 °C, but the final amount of lactic acid showed the highest values. Concentrations of metabolites produced by lactobacilli after 48th hours of cultivation were: 9.18-11.48 g.dm-3 (lactic acid), 0.84-1.65 g.dm-3 (acetic acid) and 2.51-4.03 g.dm-3 (ethanol). No significant differences (p = 0.05) were found in production of lactic acid and ethanol by different bacterial strains under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Statistically significant differences (p = 0.05) were observed in production of acetic acid by 2L2 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and for production of ethanol under anaerobic conditions by strains 1L5 and 2L2.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: VII. FERMENTATION OF WHEAT BY AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA UNDER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS

1946 ◽  
Vol 24f (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Mechanical Agitation ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Ethanol Formation ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

Aeration by mechanical agitation of 15% wheat mash fermented by Aerobacillus polymyxa inhibited the formation of 2,3-butanediol and particularly of ethanol. Aeration of similar mashes by passage of finely dispersed air or oxygen at the rate of 333 ml. per minute per litre of mash increased the rate of formation and yield of 2,3-butanediol but inhibited ethanol formation. However, the over-all time required for the completion of fermentation was not shortened from the usual 72 to 96 hr. required for unaerated mashes. There was no evidence of a shift from fermentative to oxidative dissimilation. Under aerobic conditions, the final butanediol–ethanol ratio was approximately 3:1. Anaerobic conditions, as produced by the passage of nitrogen or hydrogen through the mash, increased the rate of formation of both butanediol and ethanol and shortened the fermentation time to about 48 hr. Under these conditions, the butanediol–ethanol ratio was reduced to about 1.3:1.0. Carbon dioxide gave a butanediol–ethanol ratio resembling that of anaerobic fermentation but did not reduce fermentation time.

Modeling of yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis growth at different acetic acid concentrations under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 389-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garcia Alvarado Yahara ◽  
Mendez Ancona Javier ◽  
Mata Jimenez Marco Tulio ◽  
Gómez Rodriguez Javier ◽  
Aguilar Uscanga Maria Guadalupe
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Brettanomyces Bruxellensis ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

scholarly journals In vivo cycling of the Escherichia coli transcription factor FNR between active and inactive states

Microbiology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 151 (12) ◽  
pp. 4063-4070 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Dibden ◽  
Jeffrey Green
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Oxygen Availability ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Fnr Protein ◽  
Transcription Regulators ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

FNR proteins are transcription regulators that sense changes in oxygen availability via assembly–disassembly of [4Fe–4S] clusters. The Escherichia coli FNR protein is present in bacteria grown under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, FNR is isolated as an inactive monomeric apoprotein, whereas under anaerobic conditions, FNR is present as an active dimeric holoprotein containing one [4Fe–4S] cluster per subunit. It has been suggested that the active and inactive forms of FNR are interconverted in vivo, or that iron–sulphur clusters are mostly incorporated into newly synthesized FNR. Here, experiments using a thermo-inducible fnr expression plasmid showed that a model FNR-dependent promoter is activated under anaerobic conditions by FNR that was synthesized under aerobic conditions. Immunoblots suggested that FNR was more prone to degradation under aerobic compared with anaerobic conditions, and that the ClpXP protease contributes to this degradation. Nevertheless, FNR was sufficiently long lived (half-life under aerobic conditions, ∼45 min) to allow cycling between active and inactive forms. Measuring the abundance of the FNR-activated dms transcript when chloramphenicol-treated cultures were switched between aerobic and anaerobic conditions showed that it increased when cultures were switched to anaerobic conditions, and decreased when aerobic conditions were restored. In contrast, measurement of the abundance of the FNR-repressed ndh transcript under the same conditions showed that it decreased upon switching to anaerobic conditions, and then increased when aerobic conditions were restored. The abundance of the FNR- and oxygen-independent tatE transcript was unaffected by changes in oxygen availability. Thus, the simplest explanation for the observations reported here is that the FNR protein can be switched between inactive and active forms in vivo in the absence of de novo protein synthesis.

The energy metabolism of adult Haemonchus contortus, in vitro

Parasitology ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. V. Ward ◽  
N. S. Huskisson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Aerobic Incubation ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

SummaryA comparison was made of the major excretory products when adult Haemonchus contortus worms were incubated with D-[U-14C]glucose under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Catabolites measured were propan-1-ol, acetate, n-propionate and CO2 and the only major difference was that nearly twice as much CO2 both in terms of quantity and radioactivity was excreted under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. The worms were also much more physically active under aerobic conditions. When worms were incubated under aerobic conditions with increasing amounts of fluoroacetate their CO2 production was progressively reduced to the anaerobic level. Their movement and their ability to clump together was also progressively reduced. After aerobic incubation with fluoroacetate and D-[U-14C]g1ucose the quantity and radioactivity of citrate within worms increased greatly. When worms were similarly incubated anaerobically no increase in citrate occurred, no radioactivity was associated with the citrate and the worms appeared physically unaffected. When worms were incubated aerobically with fluoro[1-14C]acetate they produced radioactive fluorocitrate.

scholarly journals Diverse effects of nitric oxide reductase NorV on Aeromonas hydrophila virulence-associated traits under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Liu ◽  
Yuhao Dong ◽  
Nannan Wang ◽  
Shuiyan Ma ◽  
Chengping Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Nitric Oxide Reductase ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

Abstract NorV has been known to be an anaerobic nitric oxide reductase associated with nitric oxide (NO) detoxification. Recently, we showed that the norV gene of Aeromonas hydrophila was highly upregulated after co-culturing with Tetrahymena thermophila. Here, we demonstrated that the transcription and expression levels of norV were upregulated in a dose-dependent manner after exposure to NO under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. To investigate the roles of norV in resisting predatory protists and virulence of A. hydrophila, we constructed the norV gene-deletion mutant (ΔnorV). Compared to the wild type, the ΔnorV mutant showed no significant difference in growth at various NO concentrations under aerobic conditions but significantly stronger NO-mediated growth inhibition under anaerobic conditions. The deletion of norV exhibited markedly decreased cytotoxicity, hemolytic and protease activities under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Also, the hemolysin co-regulated protein (Hcp) in the ΔnorV mutant showed increased secretion under aerobic conditions but decreased secretion under anaerobic conditions as compared to the wild-type. Moreover, the inactivation of norV led to reduced resistance to predation by T. thermophila, decreased survival within macrophages and highly attenuated virulence in zebrafish. Our data indicate a diverse role for norV in the expression of A. hydrophila virulence-associated traits that is not completely dependent on its function as a nitric oxide reductase. This study provides insights into an unexplored area of NorV, which will contribute to our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and the development of new control strategies for A. hydrophila infection.

scholarly journals Effect of Addition of Tryptophan on Aggregation of Apo-α-Lactalbumin Induced by UV-Light

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1577
Author(s):  
Zichen Zhao ◽  
Renjie Li ◽  
Mahesha M. Poojary ◽  
Søren B. Nielsen ◽  
Marianne N. Lund
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Bond Cleavage ◽  
Aerobic Condition ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

UV-B illumination facilitates aggregation of alpha-lactalbumin (α-LA) by intramolecular disulfide bond cleavage followed by intermolecular thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. However, long term exposure to UV-B illumination may induce undesired oxidative modifications of amino acid residues in the protein. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of UV-induced aggregation of apo-α-LA (a calcium-depleted form of α-LA) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and by addition of tryptophan (Trp) as a photosensitizer. The addition of Trp to apo-α-LA illuminated under anaerobic conditions facilitated the highest level of free thiol release and disulfide-mediated aggregation as compared to without addition of Trp under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Addition of Trp under aerobic condition resulted in the lowest level of free thiols and disulfide-mediated aggregation and the aerobic conditions caused oxidation of the free Trp with formation of kynurenine and 5-hydroxy-Trp. Minor levels of the Trp oxidation product, 3-hydroxy-kynurenine (2% converted from Trp), was formed in apo-α-LA with added Trp under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions after UV-B treatment.

Evaluation of the effects of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) dispersants on intrinsic biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE)

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2357-2363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. C. Chang ◽  
S. C. Huang ◽  
K. F. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Sorbitan Monolaurate ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Microcosm Study ◽  
Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

In this study, the biodegradability of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) dispersants and their effects on the intrinsic biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) were evaluated. Results of a microcosm study show that the biodegradability of three dispersants followed the sequence of: polyvinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate-co-itaconic acid (PV3A) > polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) > polyacrylic acid (PAA) under aerobic conditions, and PV3A > Tween 20 > PAA under anaerobic conditions. Natural biodegradation of TCE was observed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. No significant effects were observed on the intrinsic biodegradation of TCE under aerobic conditions with the presence of the dispersants. The addition of PAA seemed to have a slightly adverse impact on anaerobic TCE biodegradation. Higher accumulation of the byproducts of anaerobic TCE biodegradation was detected with the addition of PV3A and Tween 20. The diversity of the microbial community was enhanced under aerobic conditions with the presence of more biodegradable PV3A and Tween 20. The results of this study indicate that it is necessary to select an appropriate dispersant for nZVI to prevent a residual of the dispersant in the subsurface. Additionally, the effects of the dispersant on TCE biodegradation and the accumulation of TCE biodegrading byproducts should also be considered.

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