Comparison of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds and of the internal barrier to rotation the hydroxyl and sulfhydryl groups in 2-methoxyphenol and 2-methoxythiophenol

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Schaefer ◽  
Timothy A. Wildman
Keyword(s):  
Potential Function ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Sulfhydryl Group ◽  
Far Infrared ◽  
Energy Difference ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Spin Coupling ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Intramolecular Hydrogen ◽  
Spin Spin Coupling

The long-range spin–spin coupling constants involving the hydroxyl proton in 2-methoxyphenol are consistent with a potential function for rotation of the hydroxyl group derived from far infrared torsion data. The internally hydrogen bonded cis conformer is the only one detected by nmr. In contrast, the long-range couplings of the sulfhydryl group in 2-methoxythiophenol indicate that the trans conformer is favored over the cis conformer by a free energy difference of 0.2 + 0.2 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the barrier to internal rotation of the sulfhydryl group is much smaller than that of the hydroxyl group in these two compounds. It is suggested that the barrier in the thiophenol derivative is 2.7 ± 0.6 kcal/mol, to be compared with a twofold component of 6 kcal/mol in the rotational potential function of the phenol analog.

In-plane and out-of-plane conformational preferences of the sulfhydryl group in some halothiophenol derivatives

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1421-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Schaefer ◽  
William J. E. Parr
Keyword(s):  
Sulfhydryl Group ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Spin Coupling ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Phenol Derivatives ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Intramolecular Hydrogen ◽  
Cis And Trans ◽  
Spin Spin Coupling

Long-range spin–spin coupling constants between sulfhydryl protons and ring protons in some halothiophenol derivatives in CCl4 solutions are reported. In contrast to the corresponding phenol derivatives, substantial amounts of out-of-plane conformers are present at 305 K for all but 2,6-dichlorothiophenol. The cis and trans conformers differ by only about 0.2 kcal/mol in free energy for 2,4-dibromothiophenol and 2,4-dichlorothiophenol, in good agreement with a recent analysis of the dipole moment observed for the latter compound. The barrier to internal rotation of the sulfhydryl group is considerably smaller than for a hydroxyl group and rough estimates are given for the barrier in a few compounds. For example, the barrier in 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorothiophenol is lower than in 2,6-dichlorothiophenol. STO-3G MO calculations overestimate the internal barrier to rotation of the sulfhydryl group, but yield charge densities for this group which indicate that a major cause of the relative weakness of its intramolecular hydrogen bonds resides in its lack of polarity.

Mechanisms of long-range 13C, 13C spin–spin coupling in thioanisole and its derivatives. Conformational applications

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1229-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Schaefer ◽  
Glenn H. Penner
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Lone Pair ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Spin Coupling ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Trans Orientation ◽  
Solvent Molecules ◽  
Spin Spin Coupling

The 13C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts and the long-range 13C,13C spin–spin coupling constants are reported for 23 thioanisole derivatives enriched in 13C at the methyl position. For para and meta substituted thioanisole derivatives, nJ(C,C) (n being the formal number of bonds intervening between the coupled nuclei) can be related to functions of the angle by which the thiomethyl group twists out of the aromatic plane. For n = 3,4,5, the ensuing relationships yield estimates of the twofold barriers to rotation about the C(1)—S bond. The barrier is lower in ethyl phenyl sulfide than in thioanisole derivatives. Complications arise for ortho substituted thioanisole derivatives but estimates of the torsional motion about the C(1)—S bond can be obtained from the observed nJ(C,C). Among the complications is the expected fact that 3J(C,C), which is shown to be larger in the cis than the trans orientation of the intervening bonds ("anti-Karplus" behaviour), is perturbed by the substituent attached to the coupled nucleus. It is confirmed that in 2-hydroxythioanisole the thiomethyl group is oriented effectively perpendicular to the benzene plane, attributable to a stereospecific hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl group and the 3p lone-pair on the sulfur atom. In acetone-d6 solution, an equilibrium exists between this conformation and one in which an intermolecular hydrogen bond exists with solvent molecules. In the latter, the thiomethyl group prefers a coplanar orientation. In 2-aminothioanisole, the thiomethyl group twists out of the plane by about 60° so as to optimize the N—H … 3p interaction. This twist angle is changed very little in acetone-d6 solution because the second N—H bond can hydrogen bond to the solvent molecules without disrupting the intramolecular N—H … 3p interaction. It is also shown that the chemical shift of the 13C nucleus in the methyl group is a good conformational indicator in meta and para substituted thioanisoles. Therefore it can be used as such for molecules in which nJ(C,C) is difficult to find, in 1,4-dithiomethylbenzene, for example.

On the existence of cis and trans conformational isomers in 2-methylphenol and 4-chloro-2-methylphenol

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (13) ◽  
pp. 1788-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Schaefer ◽  
Kalvin Chum
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Difference ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Spin Coupling ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Trans Form ◽  
Hydroxyl Proton ◽  
Self Association ◽  
Cis And Trans ◽  
Spin Spin Coupling

The analysis of the proton magnetic resonance spectra of 2-methylphenol and of 4-chloro-2-methylphenol in benzene-d6 and CCl4 solutions yields spin–spin coupling constants over five bonds between the hydroxyl proton and the meta ring protons. These coupling constants are related to the intramolecular equilibrium between conformers in which the hydroxyl group is oriented cis or trans to the methyl group. The free energy difference between the conformers is 0.4 ± 0.1 kcal/mol, with the trans form being the more stable. The concentration dependence of the hydroxyl proton chemical shift of the chloro compound in CCl4 suggests that dimerization is relatively unimportant and yields rough values for the extent of self-association. It is argued that the derived free energy values refer to the intramolecular equilibrium for the monomers.

Concerning the nonexistence of the intramolecular hydrogen bond in 2-nitrothiophenol

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (21) ◽  
pp. 3732-3735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Schaefer ◽  
William J. E. Parr
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Energy Difference ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Spin Coupling ◽  
Free Energy Difference ◽  
Spin Coupling Constants ◽  
Intramolecular Hydrogen ◽  
Spin Spin Coupling

The long-range spin–spin coupling constants between the sulfhydryl proton and the ring protons in 2-nitrothiophenol in CDCl3 and C6D6 solutions suggest the presence of two conformers in which the S—H bond prefers the benzene plane. The conformer in which the S—H bond lies trans to the nitro group is favoured over the cis conformer by a free energy difference of 0.5 ± 0.2 kcal/mol at 305 K. Apparently any intramolecular hydrogen bond is very weak compared to that in 2-nitrophenol.

scholarly journals Signs of proton–proton and proton–fluorine spin–spin coupling constants in 2-fluoro-3-methylpyridine. Sigma and pi contributions to coupling in a nitrogen heterocycle

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1507-1514 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Schaefer ◽  
S. S. Danyluk ◽  
C. L. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Atom ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Spin Coupling ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycle ◽  
Triple Resonance ◽  
Triple Resonance Experiments ◽  
Proton Proton ◽  
Spin Coupling Constants ◽  
Spin Spin Coupling

The signs of all proton–proton and proton–fluorine spin–spin coupling constants in 2-fluoro-3-methylpyridine have been determined by double and triple resonance experiments. The signs of the longrange coupling constants, JH,CH3 and JF,CH3 are the same as in fluorotoluene derivatives. Their magnitudes are consistent with the assumption that the nitrogen atom primarily polarizes the σ bonds in the molecule, leaving the π contribution to the long-range coupling relatively unaffected.

Molecular orbital and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the inversion potentials of thianthrene and thioxanthene

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 927-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Schaefer ◽  
Rudy Sebastian ◽  
Christian Beaulieu
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Spin Coupling ◽  
Basis Set ◽  
Basis Sets ◽  
Inversion Barrier ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Methylene Groups ◽  
Spin Spin Coupling ◽  
Split Valence

The inversion potentials, obtained from STO-3G, STO-3G(*), 3-21G, 3-21G(*), and 4-31G basis sets, are reported for thianthrene and thioxanthene, molecules in which both or only one of the methylene groups have been replaced by sulfur in 9,10-dihydroanthracene. Comparison with the available experimental data suggests that the split-valence bases lead to an overestimate, possibly by about 10 kJ/mol, of the inversion barrier in the crystal, whereas the STO-3G and STO-3G* basis sets underestimate this barrier. It appears that the inversion barrier for thianthrene is much lower in solution than in the crystal. The long-range coupling constants between the methylene and ring protons for thioxanthene in solution are consistent with an inversion barrier somewhat smaller than those obtained with the split-valence bases but rather larger than those predicted with the STO-3G basis set. The bond lengths and angles in the equilibrium structures of the two molecules, as computed with the 3-21G(*) basis, agree reasonably well with those in their crystals, except that the theoretical folding angles are smaller than measured. These discrepancies become less marked when expectation values are calculated from the theoretical inversion potentials at finite temperatures. Key words: MO calculations, inversion potentials of thianthrene and thioxanthene; 1H NMR, thioxanthene; spin–spin coupling constants, long range, in thioxanthene.

A proton magnetie resonance and molecular orbital study of the conformational preferences of the vinylic fragment in some 2-vinylfurans and in 2-vinylthiophene

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (20) ◽  
pp. 3216-3223 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. E. Parr ◽  
Roderick E. Wasylishen ◽  
Ted Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Orbital ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Spin Coupling ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Orbital Theory ◽  
Molecular Orbital Study ◽  
Conformational Preferences ◽  
Spin Coupling Constants ◽  
Spin Spin Coupling

The stereospecific spin–spin coupling constants over five bonds between the α-proton in the side chain and the protons in the heterocycle in 2-vinylfuran, in its β-nitro and β-aldehydic derivatives, and in 2-vinylthiophene are used to demonstrate the preponderance of the s-trans conformers in polar and nonpolar solutions. These conclusions are compared with predictions made by molecular orbital theory at the STO-3G, INDO, CNDO/2, and MINDO/3 levels. Long-range coupling constants between the protons in the side chain and protons in the heterocycle are calculated by CNDO/2 and INDO–MO–FPT and are compared with experiment. It is concluded that the five-bond couplings involving the α-proton are most sensitive to conformation and that they are transmitted mainly via a σ electron mechanism. The other long-range coupling constants are discussed in terms of σ and π electron mechanisms. The STO-3G calculations yield barriers to internal rotation of greater than 4.8 kcal/mol.

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