Large herbivores control the invasive potential of nonnative Austrian black pine in a mixed deciduous Mediterranean forest

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1047-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Chauchard ◽  
Gaëlle Pille ◽  
Christopher Carcaillet
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Invasive Potential ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
Eastern Pyrenees

The invasive potential of the nonnative Austrian black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. nigra Arn.) was analyzed in a 100-year-old Mediterranean mixed deciduous forest in the Massane Nature Reserve, eastern Pyrenees (France). The reserve holds approximately 120–150 semiferal cattle (Bos taurus L.) that browse and trample the woody regeneration. Tree age structure was assessed by dendrochronology to reconstruct the pine population dynamics in grazed and nongrazed (fenced in 1954) portions of the forested reserve. The age structure of the pine population regenerating before 1960 was similar between the inside and outside of the enclosed reserve area. Since 1960, pine recruitment has occurred only in the nongrazed area. The diameter variability with age changed since the 19th century. For pines less than 20 years old, the diameter variability is low, whereas it is very high for individuals older than 100 years. Diverse forest structural changes (composition, canopy height, density, etc.) likely explain the variability in diameter at a given age. Cattle do not appear to affect tree growth as it is similar inside and outside the fenced area, but they control the regeneration of nonnative Austrian black pines, which can spread in the absence of cattle. If nonnative black pine poses a risk for forest conservation, large herbivores may play a useful role in maintaining this species at low abundance.

scholarly journals Assessing Tree Drought Resistance and Climate-Growth Relationships under Different Tree Age Classes in a Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii Forest

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1161
Author(s):  
Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja ◽  
Arun K. Bose ◽  
Enrique Andivia ◽  
David Candel-Pérez ◽  
Pedro A. Plaza-Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Commercial Thinning ◽  
Large Trees

The magnitude of drought impact in forest ecosystems depends on which group of trees are more severely affected; greater mortality of smaller trees can modulate the trajectories of succession, while the mortality of larger trees can disproportionately offset the ecosystem’s carbon balance. Several studies have documented a greater vulnerability of large trees to extreme droughts while some other studies reported a greater growth reduction in smaller trees during droughts. We tested these hypotheses by comparing tree basal area increment (BAI), drought resistance (i.e., magnitude of growth decline during drought), and resilience (i.e., magnitude of growth recovery after drought) across five different age-classes in black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. Ssp salzmannii) forests in Spain. Our results showed that the BAI patterns, drought resistance, and resilience were strongly influenced by tree age-classes. In addition, the effect of climatic water balance (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration) on BAI significantly varied among age-classes. The effect of water balance on BAI was lower for younger age-classes (1–39 years of age) compared to older age-classes. We observed a greater growth reduction (i.e., lower resistance) in older trees (>40 years of age) during droughts compared to younger trees (<40 years of age). However, all trees, irrespective of their ages, were able to recover the growth rates after the drought. In general, younger trees showed a greater capacity in recovering the growth rate (i.e., more resilient) than older trees. We detected no significant effects of stand basal area and stand density on BAI, drought resistance, and resilience. Overall, our results indicated that growth of older trees was more negatively affected during drought. Therefore, these older/larger trees can be selected for commercial thinning, or can be released from competition, which can minimize the potential impacts of future droughts in black pine forests in Spain.

Effect of traffic-induced air pollution on seed germination of Arizona Cypress (Cupressus arizonica Green) and Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold)

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 126841
Author(s):  
Zahra Babapour Aliyar ◽  
Abbas Banj Shafiei ◽  
Nasrin Seyedi ◽  
Salar Rezapour ◽  
Saeed Musavi Moghanjugi
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Cupressus Arizonica

Tree-Ring Formation, Radial Increment Periodicity, and Phenology of Tree Species from a Seasonal Semi-Deciduous Forest in Southeast Brazil

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio S. Lisi ◽  
Mário Tomazello Fo ◽  
Paulo C. Botosso ◽  
Fidel A. Roig ◽  
Vivian R.B. Maria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Rings ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Southeast Brazil

Many tropical tree species produce growth rings in response to seasonal environmental factors that influence the activity of the vascular cambium. We applied the following methods to analyze the annual nature of treering formation of 24 tree species from a seasonal semi-deciduous forest of southeast Brazil: describing wood anatomy and phenology, counting tree rings after cambium markings, and using permanent dendrometer bands. After 7 years of systematic observations and measurements, we found the following: the trees lost their leaves during the dry season and grew new leaves at the end of the same season; trunk increment dynamics corresponded to seasonal changes in precipitation, with higher increment (active period) during the rainy season (October–April) and lower increment (dormant period) during the dry season (May–September); the number of tree rings formed after injuries to the cambium coincided with the number of years since the extraction of the wood samples. As a result of these observations, it was concluded that most study trees formed one growth ring per year. This suggests that tree species from the seasonal semi-deciduous forests of Brazil have an annual cycle of wood formation. Therefore, these trees have potential for use in future studies of tree age and radial growth rates, as well as to infer ecological and regional climatic conditions. These future studies can provide important information for the management and conservation of these endangered forests.

Degradation of Great Tit (Parus Major) Song Before And After Foliation: Implications for Vocal Communication in a Deciduous Forest

Behaviour ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
pp. 935-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Blumenrath ◽  
Torben Dabelsteen
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Parus Major ◽  
Great Tit ◽  
Transmission Experiment ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSongbirds living in temperate forests experience great seasonal changes in habitat acoustics during the part of the breeding season when singing activity is high. These changes, which are brought about by accelerated vegetation growth and leaf burst in spring, affect sound propagation and potentially render vocal communication more difficult as the total number of scattering and absorbing obstacles increases. We investigated this in a sound transmission experiment in which representative great tit (Parus major) songs were broadcast in a typical forest habitat before and after foliation. Speaker and microphone were placed at natural separation distances and in typical sender and receiver positions. For each song note we quantified several aspects of sound degradation and found that they all increased considerably when leaves were present. Before foliation the same amount of degradation would only be obtained by doubling the transmission distance, i.e. foliage shortens the active space of great tit song. This inevitably alters distance information, provided that distance-dependent, structural changes of received songs are used as ranging cues. Moreover, sender and receiver positions within the canopy become unfavourable compared to heights just below the canopy when the aim is to maximise song propagation distances. Altogether, the presence of foliage greatly affects the potential for vocal information transfer in great tits and requires behavioural and/or perceptual adjustment of the communicating individuals to counteract or reduce the impact of foliage on signal degradation.

scholarly journals Succession of Xeric Calcareous Grassland Toward Thermophilous Oak Forest: The Case of Abava Valley, West Latvia

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-281
Author(s):  
Māris Laiviņš ◽  
Agnese Priede ◽  
Dārta Kaupe ◽  
Andis Lazdiņš
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Succession ◽  
Natural Transformation ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Calcareous Grassland ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Vegetation Composition ◽  
Insufficient Knowledge

Abstract The succession of semi-natural xeric calcareous grassland plant communities toward deciduous forest communities is poorly studied in Latvia. There is insufficient knowledge on the natural transformation of dry calcareous grasslands of Festuco-Brometea into thermophilous quasi-climax oak forest communities of Quercetea pubescentis that are very rare in Latvia. In this paper, a geobotanical study is presented that included studies of soils, tree age, spatial pattern of trees, vegetation composition of different succession stages, and analysis of environmental factors. The study was conducted in the Abava Valley, West Latvia, an area that is unique with species-rich xeric calcareous Festuco-Brometea grasslands, thermophilous oak forests dominated by Quercus robur, and intermediate secondary succession stages with young to medium-aged Juniperus communis and Pinus sylvestris formations.

scholarly journals Statistical Estimation of Modern Trends and Prospects of the Size and Structure Population of Ukraine

2017 ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
Z. О. Palian ◽  
I. H. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Forecast Horizon ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Size And Structure

A balanced change in demographic processes should be considered as a prerequisite and, at the same time, as a result of the stable development of the state. Reproduction intensity depends not only on the character of demographic behavior, but also on the presence of contingents of the population, providing or potentially able to provide for its replacement. The dynamics of Ukrainian population, the transformation of its gender-age structure during the period of independence, taking into account the intensive and structural factors of natural increase and migration, is considered. During 2002-2015, the regime of survival and fertility improved in Ukraine, due to which the depopulation slowed down somewhat. But even these positive changes do not compensate for the loss of population size as a result of systematic aging, reducing the proportion of reproductive contingent and its aging. Significant demographic losses, direct and indirect, were caused by a hybrid war from Russia. Alienation of the territory of the Crimea and parts of Donbas is not only a minus 2.5 million citizens of Ukraine. This is a change in the structure of the population - a decrease in the proportion of older age groups that increase the demographic load and worsen the characteristics of survival and fertility of the maternal generation. In this work are presented the results of the short-term simulation of population size and structure taking into account modern trends of replacements components and existing administrative-territorial changes. Two scenarios of the forecast for 2018 have been developed, and the base year it was taken in 2013, when the Crimea was part of Ukraine. The first, realistic scenario was based on the preservation of the current situation - Ukraine without the annexed Crimea and the occupied part of the Donbas. The second scenario imitates the return to Ukraine of all the lost territories. Simulation showed that the population of Ukraine will be reduced by both scenarios, but to 41.9 million people under the scenario without the occupied and annexed territories and to 44.7 million people in the second scenario. The finish of war will due to slow down the death rate to 14.9%0. The age structure of the population does not differ significantly in two scenarios, because the forecast horizon is very short (4 years). The share of generation of parents and women of reproductive age in both variants of the forecast decreases. However, in the case of returning Crimea, it will be even lower (47.4% vs. 47.5% in the first scenario). The reason for this is the emigration of young and middle-aged people to the mainland of Ukraine and to the Russian Federation, which provided some preferences to the settlers from Ukraine. Expected structural changes combined with the modern life and fertility regime will worsen natural population growth rates in both scenarios. In further research is planned to build trend models of births and deaths that will allow the artificially restore the interrupted time series due to administrative-territorial incomparability of data on demographic events

scholarly journals Comparing Thinning System Effects on Ecosystem Services Provision in Artificial Black Pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold) Forests

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Marchi ◽  
Alessandro Paletto ◽  
Paolo Cantiani ◽  
Elisa Bianchetto ◽  
Isabella De Meo
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Black Pine
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